Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of healthy controls (HC) and Prediabetes-IR versus Prediabetes+IR groups

Sex (F/M)

28/30

28/32

27/33

2

Age year

36.67 ± 10.03

35.03 ± 11.44

37.9 ± 11.88

2/175

BMI kg/m²

26.39 ± 3.72

27.76 ± 4.01

27.63 ± 5.14

2/175

Smoking (Y/N)

17/41

18/42

19/41

2

Marital status (M/S)

33/25

31/29

36/24

2

Physical activity (Y/N)

21/37

20/40

18/42

2

TC mM

4.07 ± 0.59^C

4.42 ± 0.56

4.72 ± 0.70^A

2/175

TG mM

1.40 ± 0.14^C

1.49 ± 0.17

1.57 ± 0.36^A

2/175

VLDLc mM

0.64 ± 0.07 ^C

0.68 ± 0.08

0.72 ± 0.16^A

2/175

HDLc mM

1.12 ± 0.11^C

1.06 ± 0.14

0.99 ± 0.13^A

2/175

LDLc mM

2.32 ± 0.60^C

2.69 ± 0.58

3.01 ± 0.74^A

2/175

TC/HDLc

3.69 ± 0.64^B,C

4.27 ± 0.81^A,C

4.81 ± 0.80^A,B

2/175

TG/HDLc

1.27 ± 0.19^C

1.44 ± 0.26

1.61 ± 0.42^A

2/175

LDLc/HDLc

2.11 ± 0.60^B,C

2.61 ± 0.75^A,C

3.07 ± 0.81^A,B

2/175

zLn IL-6

− 0.35 ± 1.15^B,C

0.16 ± 0.90^A

0.19 ± 0.86^A

2/175

IL-10 pg/ml

7.9 ± 2.27^B,C

11.46 ± 4.52^A,C

14.08 ± 8.19^A,B

2/175

zLn βEP

− 0.50 ± 0.39^B,C

0.37 ± 1.39 ^A

0.13 ± 076^A

2/175

zLn MOR

− 0.34 ± 1.15^B,C

0.19 ± 0.96^A

0.15 ± 0.81^A

2/175

zLn (βEP/MOR)

− 0.09 ± 1.11

0.10 ± 1.02

0.01 ± 0.87

2/175

zLn EM2

− 0.50 ± 0.89^B,C

0.16 ± 0.98^A

0.34 ± 0.964^A

2/175

zLn KOR

− 0.35 ± 1.20^B,C

− 0.21 ± 1.14^A

0.14 ± 0.64^A

2/175

zLn (EM2/KOR)

− 0.15 ± 1.14

− 0.038 ± 0.94

0.19 ± 0.90

2/175

HbA1c %

5.01 ± 0.43^B,C

6.02 ± 0.2^A

6.17 ± 0.2^A

2/175

Glucose mM

5 ± 0.71^B,C

5.92 ± 0.59^A,C

6.49 ± 0.39^A,B

2/175

Insulin pM

68.54 ± 10.79^B,C

100.74 ± 13.64^A,C

140.48 ± 12.38^A,B

2/175

I/G mM

14.07 ± 3.40^B,C

17.12 ± 2.46^A,C

21.79 ± 2.84^A,B

2/175

zLnHOMA2%B

0.13 ± 1.39

0.18 ± 0.84

0.05 ± 0.63

2/175

HOMA2%S

80.72 ± 13.82^B,C

52.63 ± 7.51^A,C

36.85 ± 2.80^A,B

2/175

HOMA2IR

1.27 ± 0.19^B,C

1.94 ± 0.27^A,C

2.73 ± 0.22^A,B

2/175