Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Age in years (mean ± SD)

64.43 ± 12.60

67.68 ± 5.09

Male sex (%)

37.7

33.34

Race (%)

 Caucasian

60.6

70

 African-descendant

6.6

13.3

 Others

32.8

16.7

Religion (%)

 Catolics

70.4

61.7

 Evangelic

19.7

20.0

 Spiritualists

6.60

5.00

 Others

3.30

13.3

Family income*(%)

 Up to 1 minimum wage

11.4

15

 1–2 minimum wage

44.3

58.3

 Over 2 minimum wages

44.3

26.7

Education level in years (%)

 Uneducated or less than 1 year

8.2

11.7

 1 to 3 years

16.4

13.2

 4 to 8 years

45.9

51.7

 9 years or more

29.5

23.4

History of smoking (%)

 Never smoking

57.4

66.6

 Current smoking

1.60

3.40

 Former

41.0

30.0

Alcohol consumption (%)

 Never drinking

54.1

55.0

 Social considers

27.9

26.7

 Alcohol abusers

1.60

1.70

 former

16.4

16.6

Diabetic Retinopathy^a n and (%)

 Absent

32/50 (64.0)

35/49 (71.4)

 Mild or moderative, non proliferative

9/50 (18.0)

8/49 (16.3)

 Severe, non proliferative

2/50 (4.00)

−(0.00)

Proliferative

7/50 (14.0)

6/49 (12.3)

Diabetic Nephropathy^b n and (%)

 Absent

28/51 (54.9)

30/59 (50.8)

 Albuminuria increased

15/51 (29.4)

21/59 (35.6)

 Albuminuria greatly increased

6/51 (11.8)

8/59 (13.6)

 Nephrotic albuminuria

2/51 (3.90)

−(0.00)

Presence of diabetic neuropathy^b n and (%)

13/49 (26.5)

21/53 (39.6)

Presence of cerebrovascular disease^c n and (%)

13/58 (22.4)

5/56 (8.90)

Presence of ischemic cardiopathy^d n and (%)

17/57 (29.9)

15/60 (25.0)

Time of diabetes in years (mean ± SD)

16.89 ± 9.64

17.83 ± 9.45

Time using insulin in years (mean ± SD)

8.89 ± 8,94

8.22 ± 8.73

Glycated hemoglobin (mean ± SD)

10.34 ± 1.66

9.90 ± 1.25

Familial history of type 2 diabetes n and (%)

47/61 (77.0)

43/60 (71.7)

Presence of hypertension n and (%)

57/61 (93.4)

53/60 (88.3)

Number of antihyperglycemic agents (mean ± SD)

2.8 ± 1.54

2.58 ± 1.32

Classes of antihyperglycemic agents (mean ± SD)

1.17 ± 0.49

1.47 ± 0.62

Time of Hypertension in years (mean ± SD)

17.07 ± 8.36

14.67 ± 8.87

Number of used drugs (mean ± SD)

7.66 ± 2.21

7.52 ± 2.38

Number of antihypertensives (mean ± SD)

2.80 ± 1.54

2.58 ± 1.32

Number of use tablet (mean ± SD)

12.24 ± 4.73

11.62 ± 4.93

Insulin dose per kg/day (mean ± SD)

0.76 ± 0.33

0.63 ± 0.39

BMI (Kg/m²) (mean ± SD)

31.35 ± 4.35

31.53 ± 5.03

Systolic blood pressure in mmHg (mean ± SD)

139.05 ± 15.62

133.46 ± 18.22

Diastolic blood pressure in mmHg (mean ± SD)

79.16 ± 12.37

73.72 ± 11.03