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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of 1244 participants of study population across tertiles (T) of the empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia

From: The association of insulinemic potential of diet and lifestyle with the risk of insulin-related disorders: a prospective cohort study among participants of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

  Empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia
T1(n = 415) T2(n = 415) T3(n = 414) P for trend
 Age ± years 45.7 ± 13.5 42.2 ± 12.5 40.9 ± 12.4  < 0.001
 Male (%) 155 (37.3) 177 (42.7) 199 (48.1) 0.008
 Body mass index (kg/m2) 27.8 ± 4.9 27.6 ± 5.1 26.8 ± 4.7 0.004
 Physical activity (MET-h/week) 27.7 (11.7–55.5) 25.3 (9.6–55.5) 24.3 (11.3–49.0) 0.754
 Current smokers (%) 35 (8.4) 53 (12.8) 63 (15.2) 0.009
 Education Level (graduated), (%) 92 (22.2) 112 (27.0) 116 (28.0) 0.163
 Hypertension, n (%) 71 (17.1) 60 (14.5) 41 (9.9) 0.010
 Diabetes, n (%) 44 (10.6) 31 (7.5) 20 (4.8) 0.008
Biochemical data
 Fasting serum insulin(mU/mL) 9.29 ± 5.40 9.19 ± 6.38 9.06 ± 5.22 0.570
 Fasting blood sugar (mmol/l) 5.23 ± 1.57 5.15 ± 1.45 5.00 ± 1.14 0.017
 HOMA-IR 1.80 (1.25–2.69) 1.70 (1.19–2.58) 1.69 (1.15–2.50) 0.190
 HOMA-B 117.2 (79.2–167.1) 118.8 (81.9–165.6) 127.0 (81.9- 177.8) 0.687
 HOMA-S 65.2 ± 42.2 67.2 ± 44.6 68.0 ± 40.6 0.391
 Hyperinsulinemia, n (%) 123 (29.6) 130 (31.3) 136 (32.9) 0.608
 Insulin resistance, n (%) 186 (44.8) 165 (39.8) 162 (39.1) 0.197
 Insulin insensitivity, n (%) 187 (45.1) 166 (40.0) 162 (39.1) 0.181
 β-cell dysfunction, n (%) 100 (24.1) 88 (21.2) 88 (21.3) 0.527
Nutrient intake
 Energy(Kcal/d) 1990 ± 632 2162 ± 701 2566 ± 682  < 0.001
 Carbohydrate(% of energy) 59.9 ± 7.2 58.4 ± 6.8 55.2 ± 7.0  < 0.001
 Protein(% of energy) 13.4 ± 2.1 13.9 ± 2.3 13.7 ± 2.6 0.056
 Fat(% of energy) 29.4 ± 7.0 30.4 ± 6.7 33.4 ± 6.9  < 0.001
Food groups
 Low-fat dairy (serving/d) 0.86 ± 0.73 1.01 ± 0.79 1.18 ± 0.94  < 0.001
 High-fat dairy (serving/d) 1.33 ± 1.00 1.01 ± 0.67 1.15 ± 0.80 0.030
 Refined grain(serving/d) 4.86 ± 3.77 5.06 ± 3.71 5.81 ± 3.71  < 0.001
 Red and processed meat(serving/d) 0.54 ± 0.41 0.80 ± 0.61 1.13 ± 0.98  < 0.001
 Fruits(serving/d) 3.48 ± 2.92 3.24 ± 2.32 3.25 ± 2.65 0.288
 Vegetables(serving/d) 2.44 ± 1.51 3.02 ± 1.94 3.39 ± 2.54  < 0.001
Insulin scores
 EDIH 0.0 ± 0.06 0.14 ± 0.03 0.45 ± 0.23  < 0.001
 ELIH 1.27 ± 0.27 1.34 ± 0.27 1.48 ± 0.30  < 0.001
  1. Data are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variable and number (percent) for categorical variables
  2. HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, HOMA-B Homeostatic Model Assessment for β-cell function, HOMA-S Homeostatic Model Assessment for insulin sensitivity, EDIH Empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia, ELIH Empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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