Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study participants according to the quartiles of serum ADA levels
Variables | Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADA(U/L) | 13.6 (11.1–16.9) | 9.5 (8.5–10.3) | 12.4 (12.4–13.1) | 15.0 (14.3–16.0) | 19.7 (18.1–21.7) |  < 0.001 |
n | 1573 | 396 | 399 | 388 | 390 | – |
Age (year) | 58.17 ± 13.12 | 53.79 ± 11.98 | 56.74 ± 12.78 | 59.12 ± 12.94 | 63.13 ± 13.01 |  < 0.001 |
Female (F/M) | 683/890 | 125/271 | 176/223 | 182/206 | 200/190 |  < 0.001 |
Diabetes duration (months) | 78.64 ± 74.45 | 63.5 | 76.56 ± 71.82 | 81.01 ± 74.15 | 93.80 ± 85.09 |  < 0.001 |
Glucose-lowering therapies | ||||||
 Lifestyle alone, n (%) | 105 | 35 (33.3) | 22 (21.0) | 35 (24.7) | 13 (12.4) | 0.003 |
 Insulin treatments, n (%) | 805 | 158 (19.6) | 203 (25.2) | 203 (25.2) | 241 (29.9) |  < 0.001 |
 Insulin-secretagogues, n (%) | 822 | 199 (24.2) | 219 (26.6) | 191 (23.2) | 213 (25.9) | 0.257 |
 Metformin, n (%) | 904 | 236 (26.1) | 233 (25.8) | 215 (23.8) | 220 (24.3) | 0.632 |
 Pioglitazone, n (%) | 571 | 137 (24.0) | 148 (25.9) | 133 (23.3) | 153 (26.8) | 0.433 |
 Glucosidase inhibitors, n (%) | 388 | 66 (17.0) | 91 (23.5) | 103 (26.5) | 128 (33.0) |  < 0.001 |
 DPP-4Is, n (%) | 433 | 93 (21.5) | 118 (27.3) | 103 (23.8) | 119 (27.5) | 0.111 |
Statin medication, n (%) | 567 | 128 (22.6) | 161 (28.4) | 140 (24.7) | 138 (24.3) | 0.129 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 804 (51.1) | 177 (44.7) | 205 (51.4) | 198 (51.0) | 224 (57.4) | 0.005 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.75 ± 3.58 | 25.51 ± 3.47 | 25.82 ± 3.49 | 25.85 ± 3.76 | 25.82 ± 3.62 | 0.518 |
SBP (mmHg) | 137.20 ± 18.02 | 134.86 ± 17.80 | 137.36 ± 17.75 | 137.78 ± 17.49 | 138.85 ± 18.86 | 0.016 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.81 ± 10.89 | 80.24 ± 10.51 | 80.09 ± 10.48 | 79.93 ± 11.24 | 78.96 ± 11.31 | 0.349 |
ALT (U/L) | 18 (13–28) | 17 (12–26) | 19 (13–28) | 19 (14–30) | 19 (13–29) | 0.023 |
AST (U/L) | 17 (14–22) | 15 (13–20) | 16 (14–21) | 17 (14–23) | 18 (15–25) |  < 0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.83 (1.18–2.92) | 1.75 (1.11–2.83) | 1.99 (1.27–3.15) | 1.75 (1.18–2.86) | 1.83 (1.21–2.84) | 0.138 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.51 ± 1.36 | 4.41 ± 1.06 | 4.59 ± 0.98 | 4.56 ± 1.44 | 4.50 ± 1.14 | 0.172 |
HDLC (mmol/L) | 1.04 ± 0.27 | 1.05 ± 0.28 | 1.04 ± 0.25 | 1.04 ± 0.28 | 1.03 ± 0.28 | 0.757 |
LDLC (mmol/L) | 2.57 ± 0.79 | 2.52 ± 0.82 | 2.64 ± 0.78 | 2.57 ± 0.76 | 2.54 ± 0.82 | 0.225 |
HbA1c (%) | 9.02 ± 4.43 | 8.19 ± 2.02 | 8.91 ± 1.92 | 9.06 ± 1.98 | 9.89 ± 2.15 |  < 0.001 |