Table 1 Clinical characteristic of T2DM patients and controls

N

72

94

82

36

Age (years)

58.42 ± 8.01

57.55 ± 11.57

58.39 ± 13.22

59.78 ± 11.32

Gender (M/F)

41/31

51/43

41/41

19/17

Duration (years)

–

8.53 ± 1.68

10.15 ± 2.43^b

12.06 ± 2.34^bc

BMI (kg/m²)

25.88 ± 2.85

26.25 ± 4.05

26.16 ± 3.5

26.32 ± 3.1

SBP (mmHg)

122.01 ± 11.48

135.8 ± 22.39^a

146.71 ± 30.57^ab

156.69 ± 22.51^abc

DBP (mmHg)

78.96 ± 7.89

80.85 ± 14.75

87.56 ± 20.22^ab

85.69 ± 12.83^ab

HbA1c (%)

4.75 ± 0.31

7.82 ± 1.48^a

8.1 ± 1.21^a

7.76 ± 1.48^a

TG (mmol/L)

2.04 ± 1.59

1.88 ± 1.14

2.04 ± 1.65

2.13 ± 1.12

TC (mmol/L)

5.28 ± 0.91

5 ± 0.98

5.41 ± 1.2

5.42 ± 1.02^b

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.5 ± 0.24

1.11 ± 0.23^a

1.13 ± 0.21^a

1.16 ± 0.33^a

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.28 ± 0.54

3.33 ± 0.81

3.65 ± 0.99^ab

3.61 ± 0.8^a

BUN (mmol/L)

5.42 ± 1.18

5.36 ± 1.64

5.9 ± 1.97

8.85 ± 4.1^abc

Cr (μmol/L)

66.6 ± 10.65

66.32 ± 18.91

65.95 ± 21.12

120.75 ± 72.65^abc

UA (μmol/L)

305.11 ± 70.95

301.42 ± 87.54

296.39 ± 76.9

356.22 ± 88.31^abc

ACR (mg/g)

–

16.14 ± 4.48

96.08 ± 83.67^b

> 300^bc

GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

101.66 ± 12.09

109.26 ± 41.65

109.14 ± 33.24

67.46 ± 35.53^abc

Asprosin (ng/mL)

11.86 (9.17–14.56)

15.43 (12.95–18.26)^a

17.38 (13.86–19.56)^ab

22.52 (20.25–24.58)^abc

Treatment

 Metformin (n, %)

–

68 (72.3%)

58 (70.7%)

19 (52.8%)

 Acarbose (n, %)

–

46 (48.9%)

44 (53.7%)

13 (36.1%)

 Sulfonylureas (n, %)

–

60 (63.8%)

52 (63.4%)

21 (58.3%)

 DPP-IV inhibitor (n, %)

46 (48.9%)

36 (43.9%)

15 (41.7%)

 Insulin (n, %)

–

37 (39.4%)

26 (31.7%)

17 (47.2%)

 Statin (n, %)

–

47 (50%)

45 (54.9%)

21 (58.3%)

 CCB (n, %)

–

51 (54.3%)

59 (72%)^b

31 (86.1%)^bc

 ACEI/ARB (n, %)

–

45 (47.9%)

55 (67.1%)^b

32 (88.9%)^bc