Table 2 Clinical data and fetal ultrasound measurements in diabetic and control populations

Age (years)

32 [28–36.2]

33 [29.7–37]

33 [29–36]

30 [27.7–32]

.08

Gestational age (weeks)

39 [38–39]

39 [38–39]

38 [37–38]

39 [39–40]

< .001^c

Gravidity

2 [1–3]

2 [1–3]

1 [1–2]

2 [1–2]

.06

Parity

2 [1–2]

2 [1–2]

1 [1–2]

2 [1–2]

.19

Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)

69.5 [61.5–75]

79 [63–89.7]

64 [55.7–70]

63.5 [56–70.5]

< .01^d

Gestational weight gain (kg)

10 [8.5–14.2]

9 [7–13]

17 [13.7–19.5]

14.5 [11.7–18]

< .001^d,e

Height (m)

1.65 [1.6–1.7]

1.68 [1.63–1.7]

1.64 [1.62–1.7]

1.65 [1.64–1.7]

.62

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

25.8 [23–28.3]

29.4 [22.6–33.7]

22.9 [20.4–25.4]

22.6 [21.1–25.4]

< .01^d

< .05^e

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)^a

90 [81.7–95]

97 [94–99]

–

80.5 [74–83.2]

< .001^f,g

1-h plasma glucose (mg/dl)^a

182 [158.2–190.2]

177.5 [151.7–196.7]

–

119 [105.7–142.5]

< .001^f

2-h plasma glucose (mg/dl)^a

153 [135.7–162]

136 [118–160]

–

102 [88.5–115.5]

< .001^f

3rd trimester HbA1c (%)

5.1 [5–5.4]

5.7 [5.2–6.1]

5.9 [5.7–6.4]

–

< .001^h

< .05^g

Fetal sex

 Male

21 (52.5%)

16 (40.0%)

13 (54.2%)

25 (62.5%)

.25

 Female

19 (47.5%)

24 (60.0%)

11 (45.8%)

15 (37.5%)

Fetal birth-weight (g)

3425 [3237.5–3776.2]

3535 [3222.5–3748.7]

3945 [3600–4162.5]

3480 [3232.5–3832.5]

< .01^c,f,g

Fetal macrosomia^b

7 (17.5%)

7 (17.5%)

11 (45.8%)

7 (17.5%)

< .05^c

BPD (cm)

9.27 [9–9.56]

9.29 [9.1–9.47]

8.9 [8.71–9.33]

9.28 [9.14–9.53]

< .05^c

HC (cm)

33.4 [32.8–34.4]

33.2 [32.7–34]

32.6 [31.5–33.7]

33.8 [33.1–34.3]

< .05^h,i

AC (cm)

34.2 [33.4–35.6]

34.8 [33.2–36]

35.4 [33.6–36.2]

34.9 [34.1–36.6]

.27

FL (cm)

7.42 [7.06–7.72]

7.51 [7.29–7.71]

7.38 [7.13–7.77]

7.47 [7.25–7.7]

.68

SSFM (cm)

0.55 [0.48–0.58]

0.62 [0.54–0.68]

0.66 [0.62–0.73]

0.53 [0.49–0.58]

< .01^c,j

AFM (cm)

0.62 [0.59–0.68]

0.71 [0.65–0.76]

0.78 [0.72–0.84]

0.62 [0.56–0.7]

< .01^c,j

MTFM (cm)

0.49 [0.46–0.58]

0.56 [0.47–0.65]

0.58 [0.5–0.65]

0.51 [0.45–0.56]

< .05^h,i,j

MTLM (cm)

1.48 [1.26–1.67]

1.54 [1.32–1.74]

1.55 [1.36–1.85]

1.5 [1.31–1.58]

.45

MTFM/MTLM ratio

0.37 [0.32–0.4]

0.38 [0.34–0.41]

0.38 [0.34–0.4]

0.35 [0.31–0.38]

< .05^i,k

HeC (cm)

13.7 [12.8–14.2]

14 [13.6–15]

14.7 [13.8–15.3]

13.9 [13.1–14.8]

< .05^h

HeA (cm²)

14.5 [12.9–15.8]

15.7 [14.7–17.3]

17.2 [14.8–18.6]

14.9 [13.7–17.1]

< .05^h

ThC (cm)

29.5 [27.7–31.4]

30.7 [29.5–32.2]

31 [30.2–31.6]

30.8 [29.9–31.9]

.07

ThA (cm²)

69 [61–78.3]

74.1 [68.6–82.3]

76.3 [72.8–78.4]

75 [70.7–80.4]

.07

HeC/ThC ratio

0.47 [0.44–0.47]

0.46 [0.44–0.47]

0.47 [0.44–0.49]

0.46 [0.43–0.47]

.59

HeA/ThA ratio

0.21 [0.2–0.22]

0.21 [0.19–0.22]

0.22 [0.2–0.24]

0.21 [0.19–0.22]

.60

IVS (cm)

0.36 [0.33–0.39]

0.41 [0.39–0.46]

0.47 [0.43–0.49]

0.33 [0.31–0.37]

< .01^h,i,j

LL (cm)

5.59 [5.32–5.97]

5.77 [5.36–6.17]

6.07 [5.9–6.27]

5.59 [5.26–5.94]

< .01^c

UmC (cm)

5.15 [4.78–5.46]

5.4 [5.17–5.65]

5.65 [5.3–5.77]

5.33 [4.69–5.5]

< .05^g,h,i

UmA (cm²)

1.73 [1.55–2.05]

1.98 [1.8–2.16]

2.06 [1.93–2.24]

1.9 [1.56–2.04]

< .05^g,h,i

UvC (cm)

2.83 [2.58–3.05]

2.94 [2.73–3.27]

2.9 [2.77–3.3]

2.9 [2.63–3.13]

.30

UvA (cm²)

0.57 [0.48–0.66]

0.62 [0.53–0.76]

0.62 [0.57–0.73]

0.59 [0.51–0.7]

.24

mUaC (cm)

1.42 [1.27–1.56]

1.57 [1.43–1.74]

1.57 [1.47–1.64]

1.37 [1.21–1.57]

< .01^h,i,j

mUaA (cm²)

0.13 [0.11–0.16]

0.17 [0.14–0.2]

0.16 [0.15–0.19]

0.13 [0.1–0.16]

< .01^h,i,j

UveA (cm²)

0.86 [0.67–0.97]

0.96 [0.83–1.08]

0.97 [0.89–1.14]

0.87 [0.73–1]

< .05^h,i,j

WjA (cm²)

0.94 [0.76–1.06]

1.02 [0.81–1.18]

1.06 [0.97–1.27]

0.95 [0.73–1.07]

< .05^g,h,i