Association of dietary inflammatory potential with cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies

Table 5 Meta-analysis of association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) (as a categorical index) and cardiometabolic risk factors

Outcome variable	Number of studies	Sample size	Number of events	Test of association		Test of heterogeneity
Outcome variable	Number of studies	Sample size	Number of events	OR^a,d	95% CI	Model	I²%	p-value
Abdominal obesity	9	18,121	4655^b	1.00	0.88–1.12	Fixed	3.5	0.40
Low HDL-C	8	17,874	4148^b	0.94	0.78–1.14	Random	58.1	0.01
Hyper- triglyceridemia	8	17,874	3954^b	1.09	0.98–1.22	Fixed	0.0	0.73
HTN	12	77,194	13,496^c	1.17	1.10–1.25	Fixed	36.4	0.12
Hyperglycemia	8	17,876	4651^b	1.21	1.01–1.44	Random	54.0	0.02
MetS	11	42,978	4524^b	1.13	1.03–1.25	Random	54.8	0.02

HDL-C high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HTN hypertension, MetS metabolic syndrome, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
^*HR, Hazard ratio; OR, Odds ratio; Q test, Cochran test
^aCohort or cross-sectional study
^bParticipants with abdominal obesity, low-HDL-C, hyper-triglyceridemia, hyperglycemia and MetS had not been stated in three studies
^cParticipants with HTN had not been stated in five studies
^d The odds ratio is for the highest pro-inflammatory diet (the highest DII) versus the highest anti-inflammatory diet (the lowest DII)
^eCase–control or cross-sectional study

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