Association of dietary inflammatory potential with cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies

Table 4 Meta-analysis of association between continuous and categorical dietary inflammatory index (DII) and risk of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality according to type of study

Type of the DII measurement	Type of outcome	Type of study	Number of studies	Sample size	Number of events	Type of effect size measures	Test of association		Test of heterogeneity
Type of the DII measurement	Type of outcome	Type of study	Number of studies	Sample size	Number of events	Type of effect size measures	Effect size measure	95% CI	Model	I²%	p-value
Continuous (per one unit increment)	Mortality	Cohort	8	239,156	27,403	HR^a	1.04	1.03–1.05	Fixed	38.7	0.12
	Morbidity	Cohort	4	23,183	1117	HR	1.06	1.03–1.09	Fixed	22.3	0.27
	Morbidity	Non-cohort^b	2	17,055	2494	OR^a^,^b	1.06	1.03–1.10	Random	69.1	0.07
Categorical (highest DII/ lowest DII)	Mortality	Cohort	10	291,968	30,813	HR	1.29	1.18–1.41	Random	65.9	< 0.001
	Morbidity	Cohort	6	43,340	1310	HR	1.35	1.13–1.61	Fixed	37.0	0.16
	Morbidity	Non-cohort ^b	3	23,999	3883	OR^b	1.36	1.18–1.57	Fixed	0.0	0.67

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