Effect of supplementation with vitamins D3 and K2 on undercarboxylated osteocalcin and insulin serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial

Table 3 Pre-treatment vs post-treatment comparison of clinical and biochemical parameters in T2DM patients with vitamin D3 supplementation

Variable	Initial N = 16	Final N = 16	p value
Glucose (mg/dL)	138 ± 18	117 ± 17	0.001
HOMA-IR	2.9 ± 1.5	2.7 ± 1.3	0.469
%FPβC	546 ± 427	237 ± 189	0.001
SBP (mmHg)	132 ± 16	128 ± 16	0.109
DBP (mmHg)	87 ± 13	85 ± 14	0.187
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	195 ± 36	198 ± 48	0.995
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	202 ± 142	221 ± 115	0.469
VLDL (mg/dL)	40 ± 28	44 ± 23	0.469
uOC (ng/dL)	3.3 ± 1.7	2.5 ± 1.5	0.026
cOC (ng/dL	0.809 ± 0.726	0.986 ± 0.626	0.156
uOC/cOC index	7.0 ± 7.0	3.1 ± 1.7	0.039
Insulin (ng/dL)	92 ± 50	94 ± 49	0.877
Muscle (%)	51 ± 9	51 ± 8	0.552
Fat (%)	32 ± 10	33 ± 9	0.443
BMI (kg/m²)	30 ± 6	29 ± 5	0.995
Weight (kg)	82 ± 18	80 ± 16	0.995

HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, % FPβC percentage of functional pancreatic beta cells, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, VLDL very low density lipoprotein, uOC undercarboxylated osteocalcin, cOC carboxilated osteocalcin, BMI body mass index. Data presented in average and standard deviation. Statistically significant data are shown in italics type (p < 0.05)

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