Non-immune-mediated versus immune-mediated type 1 diabetes: diagnosis and long-term differences—retrospective analysis

Table 2 Clinical and metabolic parameters in patients with IDM and NIDM at 10 years of follow-up

	IDM group (n = 29; 78.4%) Mean ± SD Median (IQR)	NIDM group (n = 8; 21.6%) Mean ± SD Median (IQR)	p value
Clinical parameters
BMI (Kg/m²)	25.1 (4.2)	22.6 ± 3.5	0.079
Arterial hypertension (%)	17.2	25.0	0.999
Metabolic parameters
HbA1c (%)	8.7 (1.7)	7.4 (1.0)	0.008*
TDID (U)	52.4 ± 16.7	33.5 (12)	0.017*
Dyslipidemia (%)	44.8	62.5	0.999
Total-C (mmol/L)	185.7 ± 43.2	184 (112)	0.728
LDL-C (mmol/L)	108.5(51)	112 (89)	0.571
HDL-C (mmol/L)	58.1 ± 13.7	58.4 ± 13.0	0.338
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	79(51)	83 (169)	0.648
Long term complications
Microvascular complications
Retinopathy	13.8	0	0.550
Neuropathy	10.3	0	0.550
Nephropathy	10.3	0	0.550
Macrovascular complications
Coronary disease	0	12.5	0.250
Cerebrovascular disease	3.4	0	0.999
Peripheral arterial disease	0	0	NA

SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; NA: not applicable
p* < 0.05: statistically significant difference
We found a reduction in HbA1C at 10 years of follow-up in both groups [2.4 ± 2.6% in the IDM group; 3.9 (4.0) % in the NIDM group]. The HbA1C reduction was higher in the NIDM group, although it did not differ significantly (p = 0.109). With regard to the variation of the TDID, the IDM group had a higher need for insulin at 10 years compared to the diagnosis (52.4 ± 16.7U at 10 years versus 46.4 ± 15.3U at diagnosis), unlike the NIDM group [33, 5 (12) U at 10 years versus 40.1 ± 12.3 U at diagnosis] (Table 3)

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