Table 3 Maternal and pregnancy characteristics according to the study groups, with respective unadjusted risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)

Age ≥ 25 years

143 (62.72)

1.81 [1.44–2.27]

2

Prenatal visits < 6

11 (5.26)

1.33 [1.11–1.60]

67

Multiparity (≥ 2)

143 (64.71)

1.82 [1.43–2.31]

20

Without partner

36 (16.36)

0.78 [0.60–1.00]

22

Nonwhite ethnicity

78 (35.29)

1.03 [0.89–1.19]

23

Smoking

34 (14.91)

1.14 [0.98–1.34]

1

Nonexercise/sedentarism

160 (74.42)

0.77 [0.68–0.88]

28

Not working/housewife

106 (48.85)

1.17 [1.01–1.34]

29

Family history of DM (1st degree)

59 (26.94)

1.35 [1.18–1.54]

20

Hypertension

(27.43)

1.21 [1.06–1.38]

4

Prepregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²

124 (56.88)

1.82 [1.47–2.27]

31

Excessive weight gain

90 (43.48)

0.95 [0.82–1.11]

67

OGTT-100 g (N = 220; mg/dL)

 FPG ≥ 95

0 (0.00)

1.90 [1.65–2.19]

–

 1 h ≥ 180

1 (1.20)

1.94 [1.66–2.26]

–

 2 h ≥ 165

2 (2.41)

1.93 [1.64–2.17]

–

 3 h ≥ 140

0 (0.00)

1.90 [1.65–2.19]

–

OGTT-75 g (N = 333; mg/dL)

 FPG ≥ 92

0 (0.00)

2.23 [1.94–2.56]

4

 1 h ≥ 180

0 (0.00)

2.13 [1.87–2.42]

7

 2 h ≥ 153

0 (0.00)

2.11 [1.86–2.40]

6

GP mean ≥ 120 mg/dL (at diagnosis)

1 (0.44)

1.61 [1.40–1.85]

13

HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (at birth)

2 (0.97)

1.57 [1.39–1.76]

34

HbA1c ≥ 6.0% (at birth)

15 (7.28)

1.51 [1.34–1.70]

34