Table 1 Fasting glucose, serum fructosamine, HbA1C, serum and urinary creatinine, eGFR, urinary microalbumin and total protein in control and test groups

No. of patients

48

59

38

37

25

50

83

50

BMI (Kg/m²)

21.57 ± 0.9

27.21 ± 0.7

^NSa

26.52 ± 0.7

^NSab

26.21 ± 0.3

^NSabc

26.11 ± 0.5

^NSabcd

23.92 ± 0.7

^NSabcde

24.01 ± 0.4

^NSabcdef

23.62 ± 0.8

^NSabcdefg

Fasting glucose mg/dl

93.96 ± 2.1

149.4 ± 7.5

***a

138.5 ± 7.5

***a^NSb

147.4 ± 5.3

***a^NSbc

150.2 ± 6.7

***a^NSbcd

155.6 ± 4.2

***a^NSbcde

157.6 ± 5.5

***a^NSbcdef

92.8 ± 3.8

^NSa

HbA1C%

4.5 ± 0.3

7.5 ± 1.3

***a

7.0 ± 0.2

***a^NSb

8.6 ± 0.3

***a^NSbc

8.9 ± 0.5

***a^NSbcd

9.6 ± 0.8

***a^NSbcde

10.6 ± 0.8

***a^NSbcdef

4.3 ± 0.1

^NSa

Serum fructosamine

143.3 ± 7.4

300.6 ± 19.0

***a

315.6 ± 13.8

***a b^NS

354.2 ± 18.6

***a^NSbc

428.8 ± 27.5

***a **bc^NSd

469.4 ± 17.5

***abcd^NSe

523.5 ± 12.4

***abc**d^NSef

158.4 ± 8.06

^NSa

Serum creatinine mg/dl

0.75 ± 0.1

0.89 ± 0.5

^NSa

0.9 ± 0.04

^NSab

1.1 ± 0.7

^NSabc

1.1 ± 0.1

^NSabcd

1.7 ± 0.7

***abc^NSde

4.3 ± 0.8

***abcdef

4.9 ± 0.2

*** abcdef^NSg

eGFR ml/min/1.73 m²

94.7 ± 4.3

98.8 ± 4.7

^NSa

98.2 ± 5.0

^NSab

96.3 ± 6.4

^NSabc

80.0 ± 6.1

^NSabcd

63.3 ± 5.3

*** abcd ***e

34.5 ± 1.9

***abcd **e *f

33.4 ± 4.4

*** abcde^NSfg

Urinary micro albumin mg/g creatinine

12.1 ± 0.7

12.6 ± 0.9

^NSa

10.6 ± 1.1

^NSab

12.45 ± 3.1

^NSabc

12.73 ± 1.9

^NSabcd

165.1 ± 10.2

***abcde

322.5 ± 7.8

***abcdef

329.8 ± 4.5

*** abcdef^NSg

Urinary total protein by BCA mg/dl urine

9.6 ± 0.78

10.7 ± 0.56

^NSa

17.8 ± 0.1

^NSab

18.1 ± 0.34

^NSabc

19.4 ± 0.11

^NSabcd

186.4 ± 0.96

***abcde

448.3 ± 0.12

***abcdef

450.1 ± 0.89

*** abcdef^NSg

Urinary total protein by microfluidic array mg/dl urine

13.7 ± 0.5

13.8 ± 0.7

^NSa

21.3 ± 0.1

^NSab

23.4 ± 0.18

^NSabc

26.9 ± 0.27

^NSabcd

192.4 ± 1.6

***abcdef

568.9 ± 0.57

***abcdef

571.8 ± 0.46

*** abcdef^NSg