Association between homocysteine level and the risk of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Subgroup analysis for diabetic retinopathy risk

Group	OR and 95% CI	p value	Heterogeneity (%)	p value for heterogeneity	Ratio between subgroups
Publication year
Before 2005	1.89 (1.26–2.81)	0.002	31.0	0.203	1.29 (0.80–2.07)/0.300
2005 or after	1.47 (1.14–1.90)	0.003	66.2	0.019	1.29 (0.80–2.07)/0.300
Country
Eastern	2.26 (1.24–4.13)	0.008	81.4	0.001	1.73 (0.93–3.21)/0.085
Western	1.31 (1.12–1.52)	0.001	1.3	0.415	1.73 (0.93–3.21)/0.085
Sample size
≥ 100	1.66 (1.21–2.29)	0.002	66.9	0.006	0.99 (0.52–1.88)/0.971
< 100	1.68 (0.96–2.92)	0.067	42.9	0.154	0.99 (0.52–1.88)/0.971
Mean age (years)
≥ 60.0	1.47 (1.05–2.05)	0.025	50.6	0.088	0.77 (0.45–1.32)/0.350
< 60.0	1.90 (1.25–2.90)	0.003	68.2	0.008	0.77 (0.45–1.32)/0.350
Percentage male (%)
≥ 55.0	1.51 (1.04–2.21)	0.032	52.3	0.099	0.87 (0.52–1.48)/0.612
< 55.0	1.73 (1.20–2.50)	0.003	65.7	0.008	0.87 (0.52–1.48)/0.612
BMI (kg/m²)
≥ 25.0	1.35 (1.10–1.67)	0.004	45.1	0.105	0.75 (0.48–1.17)/0.211
< 25.0	1.79 (1.21–2.64)	0.004	0.0	0.488	0.75 (0.48–1.17)/0.211
DM types
1	1.27 (0.93–1.75)	0.134	17.3	0.305	0.79 (0.50–1.24)/0.306^a
2	1.61 (1.16–2.23)	0.005	59.7	0.042
Both	2.71 (1.70–4.30)	< 0.001	0.0	0.917
Study quality
High	1.70 (1.24–2.33)	0.001	66.0	0.007	1.06 (0.56–2.03)/0.854
Low	1.60 (0.91–2.82)	0.106	45.9	0.136	1.06 (0.56–2.03)/0.854

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus
^aCompared between type 1 and 2 DM

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