Baseline and changes in serum uric acid independently predict glucose control among community-dwelling women

Table 1 Baseline and 11-year follow-up characteristics in women and men

Characteristics N = 393	Baseline	Follow-up	Change	p-value*
Women
Age (years)	59 ± 8	71 ± 8	12 ± 0.5	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.2 ± 3.0	22.4 ± 3.2	− 0.8 ± 1.8	< 0.001
Smoking status^a (%)	58.0/36.4/5.3/0.3	97.7/1.5/0.5/0.3	39.3/− 34.9/− 4.7/0	< 0.001
Alcohol consumption^b (%)	98.2/0.8/1.0/0	70.0/24.0/3.6/2.3	− 28.2/23.2/2.6/2.3	< 0.001
History of CVD, N (%)	2.8	4.6	1.8	0.108
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	132 ± 22	137 ± 17	5 ± 19	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	78 ± 12	77 ± 9	− 1 ± 11	0.008
Antihypertensive medication (%)	16.0	45.0	29.0	< 0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	87 (65–114)	87 (65–116)	− 2 ± 49	0.352
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	65 ± 16	69 ± 17	4 ± 12	< 0.001
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	127 ± 31	124 ± 29	− 3 ± 37	0.065
Lipid-lowering medication (%)	6.1	32.6	26.5	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	83.1 ± 16.6	71.0 ± 12.4	− 12.1 ± 11.8	< 0.001
Serum uric acid (mg/dL)	4.4 ± 1.0	4.8 ± 1.2	0.4 ± 0.9	< 0.001
Diabetes (%)	2.3	7.4	5.1	< 0.001
HbA1c	4.8 (4.7–5.0)	5.7 (5.5–5.9)	0.8 ± 0.4	< 0.001

Characteristics N = 279	Baseline	Follow-up	Change	p-value*
Men
Age (years)	59 ± 10	71 ± 10	12 ± 0.5	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.5 ± 2.8	23.0 ± 2.9	− 0.5 ± 1.6	< 0.001
Smoking status^a (%)	9.7/28.3/35.8/26.2	44.1/39.4/4.7/11.8	34.4/11.1/-31.1/-14.4	< 0.001
Alcohol consumption^b (%)	45.5/25.1/9.0/20.4	24.0/21.9/18.6/35.5	− 21.5/− 3.2/9.6/15.1	< 0.001
History of CVD, N (%)	6.1	10.8	4.7	0.009
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	135 ± 20	135 ± 17	− 0 ± 20	0.715
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	84 ± 12	79 ± 11	− 4 ± 13	< 0.001
Antihypertensive medication, N (%)	18.3	46.6	28.3	< 0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	100 (73–139)	89 (67–126)	− 18 ± 79	< 0.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	58 ± 14	60 ± 15	2 ± 12	0.010
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	109 ± 33	114 ± 30	5 ± 31	0.008
Lipid-lowering medication, N (%)	2.2	12.9	10.7	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	83.0 ± 16.7	69.7 ± 12.2	− 13.2 ± 12.8	< 0.001
Serum uric acid (mg/dL)	5.8 ± 1.3	5.9 ± 1.3	0.1 ± 1.1	0.105
Diabetes, N (%)	5.7	12.5	6.8	0.001
HbA1c	4.9 (4.7–5.3)	5.6 (5.4–6.0)	0.7 ± 0.7	< 0.001

Change, 11-year follow-up—Baseline
CVD cardiovascular disease, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c
^aSmoking status was defined as the number of cigarette packs per day multiplied by the number of years smoked (pack-year), and the participants were classified into never smokers, past smokers, light smokers (< 20 pack-year) and heavy smokers (≥ 20 pack-year)
^bAlcohol consumption was measured using the Japanese liquor unit in which a unit corresponds to 22.9 g of ethanol, and the participants were classified into never drinkers, occasional drinkers (< 1 unit/day), daily light drinkers (1–2 unit/day), and daily heavy drinkers (2–3 unit/day). Data presented are mean ± standard deviation. Data for triglycerides and HbA1c were skewed and presented as median (interquartile range) values, and were log-transformed for analysis
* p-value: paired t-test for continuous variables or the Wilcoxon signed rank test for categorical variables. Significant values (p < 0.05) are presented in italics

ISSN: 1758-5996