Smoke exposure and cardio-metabolic profile in youth with type 1 diabetes

Table 1 Comparison of demographic, clinical and metabolic parameters among no smokers (NS), passive smokers (PS) and active smokers (AS)

Variable	NS (n = 58)	PS (n = 28)	AS (n = 18)	p overall	Post hoc comparison p-value (Bonferroni correction)
Variable	NS (n = 58)	PS (n = 28)	AS (n = 18)	p overall	NS vs PS	NS vs AS	PS vs AS
Age (years)	17.36 ± 8.84	10.20 ± 4.28	22.90 ± 6.58	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.008	< 0.001
Sex (M/F)	32/26	11/17	11/7	0.27
Weight (kg)	56.49 ± 20.90	39.25 ± 20.14	65.80 ± 10.49	< 0.001	0.001	0.02	< 0.001
Height (cm)	157.23 ± 20.83	140.51 ± 22.17	169.73 ± 7.93	< 0.001	0.018	< 0.001	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	21.90 ± 4.40	18.55 ± 4.03	22.72 ± 2.46	< 0.001	0.001	0.34	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	71.84 ± 12.73	64.50 ± 13.79	79.47 ± 9.55	< 0.001	0.01	0.03	< 0.001
Tanner stages
0 (Tanner stage 1)	11	13	0	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.02	< 0.001
1 (Tanner stage 2–3)	6	10	2
2 (Tanner stage 4–5)	41	5	16
Physically active (n, %)	32 (56.1%)	14 (50%)	8 (44.4%)	0.63
Insulin dose (U/kg/die)	0.70 ± 0.27	0.65 ± 0.28	0.67 ± 0.19	0.75
Glucose disposal rate (mg/kg/min)	10.17 ± 1.37	11.03 ± 1.58	9.43 ± 1.10	< 0.001	0.01	0.02	< 0.001
Glycated hemoglobin (%)	8.21 ± 1.33	7.84 ± 1.54	8.31 ± 1.05	0.39
Total-cholesterol (mg/dl)	167.39 ± 39.72	162.96 ± 26.76	176.67 ± 31.58	0.31
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	58.40 ± 11.23	61.54 ± 14.48	54.22 ± 12.12	0.24
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	77.03 ± 51.66	56.71 ± 20.32	79.61 ± 40.90	0.10
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)	69.57 ± 8.02	65.14 ± 7.62	71.39 ± 8.54	0.02	0.02	0.77	0.02
Systolic pressure (mmHg)	110.83 ± 13.48	103.46 ± 11.64	116.11 ± 9.63	0.002	0.02	0.01	0.001

Data are reported as mean ± SD or counts and compared with the Kruskall Wallis test or the Fisher exact test

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