Table 1 Characteristics and dietary consumption in a cross-sectional study by categories of energy-adjusted total protein intake
From: Association between dietary protein intake and type 2 diabetes varies by dietary pattern
Q1:50.8 g/day (46.3, 53.6)a | Q2:59.6 g/day (57.8, 61.5)a | Q3:68.0 g/day (65.7, 70.4)a | Q4:81.6 g/day (76.3, 89.9)a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic and lifestyle factors | ||||
N (cases) | 2173 (146) | 21,734 (128) | 2173 (145) | 2174 (142) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 3.5 | 23.2 ± 3.5 | 23.4 ± 3.4 | 23.6 ± 3.5 |
PAL (×BMR) | 1.70 ± 0.32 | 1.65 ± 0.30 | 1.62 ± 0.29 | 1.60 ± 0.29 |
Residence area | ||||
Urban (%) | 19.8 | 26.2 | 36.5 | 44.4 |
Gender | ||||
Male (%) | 49.1 | 43.4 | 46.0 | 50.6 |
Education level | ||||
Low (%) | 52.7 | 46.0 | 39.9 | 32.3 |
Middle (%) | 44.3 | 50.1 | 53.6 | 60.1 |
High (%) | 3.0 | 3.9 | 6.4 | 7.6 |
Annual income, RMB | ||||
< 9000 | 68.5 | 65.2 | 53.6 | 50.7 |
9000–15,000 | 16.4 | 18.9 | 22.3 | 21.9 |
> 15,000–25,000 | 10.4 | 10.7 | 14.9 | 16.9 |
> 25,000 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 9.2 | 10.5 |
Former or current smoking (%) | 33.4 | 30.2 | 28.0 | 33.1 |
Tea consumption (yes, %) | 29.0 | 29.6 | 31.7 | 36.4 |
Coffee consumption (yes, %) | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 4.0 |
Alcohol consumption (yes, %) | 20.9 | 17.3 | 20.7 | 22.2 |
Daily nutrient intakes | ||||
Total energy (kcal/day)b | 2277.1 ± 658.0 | 1976.1 ± 582.4 | 2031.8 ± 595.7 | 2234.5 ± 618.6 |
Total protein (g/day)b | 52.4 ± 15.7 | 55.5 ± 15.5 | 65.4 ± 16.0 | 87.9 ± 22.6 |
Total protein (energy%)b | 9.2 ± 1.1 | 11.3 ± 0.6 | 13.1 ± 1.0 | 16.0 ± 2.4 |
Animal protein (g/day)b | 10.6 ± 8.8 | 12.8 ± 8.9 | 17.7 ± 10.4 | 29.0 ± 16.4 |
From red meat (g/day)b | 7.2 ± 7.5 | 8.3 ± 7.7 | 10.5 ± 9.3 | 18.0 ± 14.5 |
From poultry (g/day)b | 0.8 ± 2.3 | 1.0 ± 2.7 | 2.1 ± 4.4 | 4.3 ± 7.0 |
From dairy (g/day)b | 0.1 ± 0.8 | 0.2 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 2.1 | 0.8 ± 2.8 |
From egg (g/day)b | 2.2 ± 2.9 | 3.0 ± 3.5 | 3.9 ± 4.0 | 5.0 ± 5.6 |
From seafood (g/day)b | 1.4 ± 2.9 | 2.0 ± 3.9 | 3.5 ± 5.3 | 7.3 ± 9.7 |
Plant protein (g/day)b | 37.8 ± 13.5 | 37.7 ± 13.9 | 40.3 ± 16.1 | 47.1 ± 21.7 |
From grain (g/day)b | 28.7 ± 11.4 | 28.0 ± 11.9 | 28.5 ± 13.7 | 27.0 ± 13.9 |
From coarse cereals (g/day)b | 2.0 ± 3.8 | 1.7 ± 2.7 | 1.5 ± 2.8 | 1.3 ± 2.5 |
From vegetable (g/day)b | 4.6 ± 3.0 | 4.5 ± 3.1 | 4.7 ± 3.3 | 5.5 ± 3.8 |
From fruit (g/day)b | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.6 |
From legumes (g/day)b | 2.3 ± 3.8 | 3.2 ± 4.8 | 5.2 ± 6.5 | 11.3 ± 14.3 |
From nuts and seeds (g/day)b | 0.3 ± 1.7 | 0.5 ± 2.0 | 0.7 ± 3.0 | 1.0 ± 3.5 |
From tubers (g/day)b | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.7 |
Total fat (g/day)b | 86.3 ± 42.7 | 66.6 ± 30.8 | 67.5 ± 30.1 | 78.0 ± 31.9 |
Total fat (energy%)b | 33.7 ± 11.6 | 30.1 ± 9.8 | 29.9 ± 9.6 | 31.4 ± 9.2 |
Saturated fat (g/day)b | 10.7 ± 9.0 | 7.2 ± 5.4 | 7.2 ± 5.2 | 8.5 ± 5.6 |
Monounsaturated fat (g/day)b | 21.2 ± 15.5 | 14.3 ± 10.6 | 14.0 ± 10.0 | 16.2 ± 11.1 |
Polyunsaturated fat (g/day)b | 19.4 ± 17.2 | 13.7 ± 10.0 | 13.3 ± 9.5 | 14.2 ± 9.6 |
Total carbohydrate (g/day)b | 324.5 ± 105.9 | 296.1 ± 98.6 | 299.2 ± 105.7 | 305.4 ± 106.0 |
Total carbohydrate (energy%)b | 57.7 ± 11.7 | 60.2 ± 10.3 | 58.8 ± 10.2 | 54.5 ± 10.0 |
Cholesterol (mg/day)b | 171.1 ± 154.7 | 206.8 ± 166.9 | 269.3 ± 175.4 | 395.1 ± 270.4 |
Fiber (g/day)b | 10.5 ± 5.8 | 10.1 ± 5.0 | 11.6 ± 7.2 | 13.9 ± 8.9 |