The impact of a disease management programme for type 2 diabetes on health-related quality of life: multilevel analysis of a cluster-randomised controlled trial

Table 3 EQ-VAS in the intervention group at follow-up, various subgroups disaggregated by sex

	Number of participants	EQ-VAS, mean difference ± SD		p value
Total	512	2.19 ± 17.55		0.005
Subgroups	Female/male	Female	Male	p value^a	p value^b	p value^c
Female/male	249/263	2.46 ± 18.46	1.92 ± 16.68	0.005	0.729	< 0.001
Non Austrian	10/15	1.50 ± 24.50	− 0.33 ± 27.12	0.914	0.865	0.490
Austrian	239/248	2.50 ± 18.23	2.06 ± 15.91	0.003	0.776	0.029
Living with a partner	159/223	2.48 ± 17.95	2.25 ± 16.59	0.008	0.897	0.002
Living alone	85/35	2.81 ± 19.77	− 0.71 ± 17.94	0.589	0.364	0.425
High education (school leaving examination or higher)	17/32	3.53 ± 18.18	3.47 ± 17.57	0.196	0.991	0.073
No higher education	229/229	2.28 ± 18.61	1.77 ± 16.64	0.014	0.755	0.002
Not working fulltime	227/211	2.30 ± 18.51	2.73 ± 16.15	0.003	0.796	0.001
Working fulltime	21/52	3.81 ± 18.63	− 1.37 ± 18.47	0.611	0.283	0.046
Non-smoker	222/221	2.18 ± 18.09	2.53 ± 16.28	0.004	0.831	< 0.001
Current smoker	27/42	4.74 ± 21.52	− 1.29 ± 18.54	0.481	0.220	0.122
No manifestation of coronary heart disease^d	219/216	2.77 ± 18.23	1.69 ± 17.51	0.010	0.528	< 0.001
Any manifestation of coronary heart disease^d	30/47	0.23 ± 20.22	3.02 ± 12.26	0.381	0.453	0.410
No macrovascular diabetic complication^e	189/192	3.06 ± 17.39	2.11 ± 17.16	0.004	0.592	0.001
Any macrovascular diabetic complication^e	60/71	0.58 ± 21.53	1.42 ± 15.41	0.537	0.796	0.022
Non guideline adherence treatment^f	130/134	2.22 ± 17.34	1.21 ± 17.44	0.110	0.636	0.004
Full guideline adherence treatment^f	119/129	2.72 ± 19.68	2.67 ± 15.89	0.018	0.980	0.012

^aWithin-subject factor (time)
^bWithin-subject factor (time*sex)
^cBetween subject factors (sex)
^dMyocardial infarction and/or PTCA/stenting and/or coronary bypass
^eMyocardial infarction and/or PTCA/stenting and/or coronary bypass and/or stroke and/or carotid surgery and/or amputation/gangrene and/or peripheral artery bypass or PTA
^fA full guideline adherence treatment covered four aspects: patient education; diagnostic measures (i.e. regular HbA1c-checks); ophthalmological and foot examinations

ISSN: 1758-5996