Table 3 Metabolic and inflammatory effects in rats after 16 weeks on NASH-, HFD- and HFr-diet

Liver weight (g)

18.9 ± 3.4^#

32.7 ± 7.9*^†‡

16.5 ± 2.5^{# ‡}

23.1 ± 4.4^#†

Fasting plasma glucose (mM)^b

6.4 ± 0.2^#†‡

7.2 ± 0.2*

7.5 ± 0.1*

7.16 ± 0.2*

Fasting plasma insulin (pM)^b

560.6 ± 79.5

486.7 ± 93.7

603.0 ± 43.7

695.8 ± 83.7

Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (µmol/L)

38.4 ± 4.2^†

64.0 ± 5.3^†

115.4 ± 16.8*^#‡

38.4 ± 2.8^†

Plasma leptin (ng/mL)

3283.3 ± 1035.2^†

3803.0 ± 1341.1^†

9366.6 ± 2052.8*^#‡

2638.0 ± 808.5^†

Plasma TG (mmol/L)

1.6 ± 0.2^‡

1.7 ± 0.1^‡

1.5 ± 0.1^‡

3.9 ± 0.5*^#†

Plasma FFA (mmol/L)

0.3 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.03

0.4 ± 0.02

0.3 ± 0.02

Plasma Cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.1 ± 0.1

2.5 ± 0.1

2.1 ± 0.1

2.3 ± 0.2

Plasma HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.3 ± 0.1

1.0 ± 0.1

1.3 ± 0.1

1.1 ± 0.1

Jejunal MCP-1 (ng/mL)^a

45.3 [36.3; 55.3]

58.1 [48.5; 69.6]

49.5 [40.1; 60.5]

56.4 [48.1; 65.5]

Jejunal TNF-α (ng/mL)^a

179.9 [129.3; 247.7]

87.6 [61.7; 125.5]

171.1 [76.1; 384.6]

213.2 [112.4; 404.3]

Adipose tissue MCP-1 (ng/mL)^a

14.8 [13.4; 16.5]

14.1 [11.9; 16.8]^‡

14.2 [11.3; 17.7]^‡

25.6 [15.2; 42.6]^#†

Adipose tissue TNF-α (ng/mL)^a

15.4 [14.4; 16.4]

16.1 [14.3; 18.2]

15.4 [13.6; 18.2]

16.2 [14.6; 18.0]