Long-term feeding of high-fat plus high-fructose diet induces isolated impaired glucose tolerance and skeletal muscle insulin resistance in miniature pigs

Table 1 The effects of HFHF diet on serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride, NEFA, cholesterol, uric acid, AST and ALT levels in Lee-Sung pigs after 12-month feeding

	Low-fat diet (n = 3)	HFHF diet (n = 4)	HFHF/low-fat (fold)	p value
Metabolic parameters
Glucose (mg/dl)	64.7 ± 3.0	72.3 ± 8.4	1.12	0.490
Insulin (pM)	7.3 ± 1.3	55.0 ± 13.0*	7.50	0.027
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	17.3 ± 3.8	81.0 ± 14.7*	4.68	0.016
NEFA (μM)	32.8 ± 9.7	155.2 ± 17.0**	4.73	0.002
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	70.0 ± 5.0	69.5 ± 2.9	0.99	0.930
HDL-c (mg/dl)	41.1 ± 4.8	29.8 ± 1.3*	0.73	0.046
LDL&VLDL-c (mg/dl)	43.2 ± 2.5	53.9 ± 3.1	1.25	0.054
HDL/LDL&VLDL ratio	0.95 ± 0.12	0.56 ± 0.05*	0.59	0.019
Uric acid (mg/dl)	< 1.0	< 1.0	–	–
Hepatitis parameters
AST (IU/l)	12.0 ± 5.0	17.3 ± 9.0	1.44	0.667
ALT (IU/l)	49.3 ± 4.4	34.0 ± 6.4	0.69	0.128

All pigs were fasted 6 h before taking blood samples
HFHF high-fat plus high-fructose diet, NEFA non-esterified fatty acids, HDL-c high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL&VLDL-c low density and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, AST aspartate transaminase, ALT alanine transaminase
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, Data are expressed as means ± SEM (low-fat diet, n = 3; HFHF diet, n = 4)