Age (years)
|
61 ± 15
|
66 ± 12
|
68 ± 12
|
65 ± 11
|
<0.001
|
Male, n (%)
|
224 (61.9%)
|
98 (51.0%)
|
37 (53.6%)
|
70 (50.7%)
|
0.034
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
24.1 ± 4.1
|
23.6 ± 4.2
|
24.4 ± 3.8
|
24.1 ± 4.0
|
0.528
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
|
127 ± 16
|
130 ± 15
|
137 ± 16
|
142 ± 15
|
<0.001
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
|
75 ± 11
|
74 ± 10
|
77 ± 10
|
79 ± 10
|
<0.001
|
Diabetes duration (years)
|
6.9 ± 6.7
|
12.3 ± 7.8
|
10.5 ± 8.2
|
12.3 ± 7.3
|
<0.001
|
Current smoker, n (%)
|
109 (30.1%)
|
48 (25.0%)
|
21 (30.4%)
|
35 (25.4%)
|
0.506
|
White blood cell count (106/L)
|
8045 ± 3199
|
8193 ± 3565
|
8850 ± 3988
|
8389 ± 2917
|
0.412
|
HbA1c (%)
|
11.1 ± 3.1
|
10.3 ± 2.7
|
10.7 ± 2.9
|
9.3 ± 2.4
|
<0.001
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
4.8 ± 1.5
|
4.7 ± 1.3
|
5.0 ± 1.5
|
5.4 ± 1.8
|
<0.001
|
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
|
2.2 ± 2.8
|
1.7 ± 1.2
|
2.1 ± 1.4
|
2.3 ± 2.6
|
0.044
|
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
1.0 ± 0.3
|
1.1 ± 0.4
|
1.0 ± 0.4
|
1.0 ± 0.4
|
0.127
|
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
|
73 ± 33
|
68 ± 29
|
52 ± 28
|
53 ± 30
|
<0.001
|
Albumin to creatinine ratio (mg/g)
|
54 ± 64
|
98 ± 83
|
1226 ± 1285
|
2825 ± 5043
|
<0.001
|
Hypertension, n (%)
|
246 (68.0%)
|
145 (75.5%)
|
57 (82.6%)
|
125 (90.6%)
|
<0.001
|
Antihypertensive agents, n (%)
|
165 (45.6%)
|
110 (57.3%)
|
40 (58.0%)
|
81 (58.7%)
|
0.009
|
ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%)
|
110 (30.4%)
|
68 (35.4%)
|
25 (36.2%)
|
61 (44.2%)
|
0.035
|
α-Blocker, n (%)
|
47 (13.0%)
|
26 (13.5%)
|
11 (15.9%)
|
13 (9.4%)
|
0.545
|
β-Blocker, n (%)
|
20 (5.5%)
|
17 (8.9%)
|
5 (7.2%)
|
10 (7.2%)
|
0.520
|
Calcium channel blocker, n (%)
|
66 (18.2%)
|
51 (26.6%)
|
27 (39.1%)
|
39 (28.3%)
|
<0.001
|
Diuretics, n (%)
|
20 (5.5%)
|
17 (8.9%)
|
9 (13.0%)
|
22 (15.9%)
|
0.002
|
Oral antihyperglycemic drugs, n (%)
|
158 (43.6%)
|
75 (39.1%)
|
31 (44.9%)
|
37 (26.8%)
|
0.005
|
Insulin secretagogues, n (%)
|
139 (38.4%)
|
64 (33.3%)
|
29 (42.0%)
|
34 (24.6%)
|
0.018
|
Metformin, n (%)
|
84 (23.2%)
|
48 (25.0%)
|
16 (23.2%)
|
20 (14.5%)
|
0.117
|
Thiazolidinediones, n (%)
|
7 (1.9%)
|
4 (2.1%)
|
0 (0.0%)
|
0 (0.0%)
|
0.242
|
α-Glucosidase inhibitor, n (%)
|
6 (1.7%)
|
4 (2.1%)
|
1 (1.4%)
|
0 (0.0%)
|
0.443
|
Insulin therapy, n (%)
|
224 (61.9%)
|
99 (51.6%)
|
35 (50.7%)
|
42 (30.4%)
|
<0.001
|
Statins, n (%)
|
39 (10.8%)
|
18 (9.4%)
|
4 (5.8%)
|
15 (10.9%)
|
0.616
|