Table 1 The clinical data of patients according to the presence or absence of albuminuria and retinopathy
|  | Albuminuria(−)/Retinopathy(−) (n = 362) | Albuminuria(−)/Retinopathy(+) (n = 192) | Albuminuria(+) Retinopathy(−) (n = 69) | Albuminuria(+) Retinopathy(+) (n = 138) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 61 ± 15 | 66 ± 12 | 68 ± 12 | 65 ± 11 | <0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 224 (61.9%) | 98 (51.0%) | 37 (53.6%) | 70 (50.7%) | 0.034 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 4.1 | 23.6 ± 4.2 | 24.4 ± 3.8 | 24.1 ± 4.0 | 0.528 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 16 | 130 ± 15 | 137 ± 16 | 142 ± 15 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 ± 11 | 74 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 79 ± 10 | <0.001 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 6.9 ± 6.7 | 12.3 ± 7.8 | 10.5 ± 8.2 | 12.3 ± 7.3 | <0.001 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 109 (30.1%) | 48 (25.0%) | 21 (30.4%) | 35 (25.4%) | 0.506 |
White blood cell count (106/L) | 8045 ± 3199 | 8193 ± 3565 | 8850 ± 3988 | 8389 ± 2917 | 0.412 |
HbA1c (%) | 11.1 ± 3.1 | 10.3 ± 2.7 | 10.7 ± 2.9 | 9.3 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 1.5 | 4.7 ± 1.3 | 5.0 ± 1.5 | 5.4 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 2.2 ± 2.8 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.3 ± 2.6 | 0.044 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.127 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 73 ± 33 | 68 ± 29 | 52 ± 28 | 53 ± 30 | <0.001 |
Albumin to creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 54 ± 64 | 98 ± 83 | 1226 ± 1285 | 2825 ± 5043 | <0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 246 (68.0%) | 145 (75.5%) | 57 (82.6%) | 125 (90.6%) | <0.001 |
Antihypertensive agents, n (%) | 165 (45.6%) | 110 (57.3%) | 40 (58.0%) | 81 (58.7%) | 0.009 |
 ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 110 (30.4%) | 68 (35.4%) | 25 (36.2%) | 61 (44.2%) | 0.035 |
 α-Blocker, n (%) | 47 (13.0%) | 26 (13.5%) | 11 (15.9%) | 13 (9.4%) | 0.545 |
 β-Blocker, n (%) | 20 (5.5%) | 17 (8.9%) | 5 (7.2%) | 10 (7.2%) | 0.520 |
 Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 66 (18.2%) | 51 (26.6%) | 27 (39.1%) | 39 (28.3%) | <0.001 |
 Diuretics, n (%) | 20 (5.5%) | 17 (8.9%) | 9 (13.0%) | 22 (15.9%) | 0.002 |
Oral antihyperglycemic drugs, n (%) | 158 (43.6%) | 75 (39.1%) | 31 (44.9%) | 37 (26.8%) | 0.005 |
 Insulin secretagogues, n (%) | 139 (38.4%) | 64 (33.3%) | 29 (42.0%) | 34 (24.6%) | 0.018 |
 Metformin, n (%) | 84 (23.2%) | 48 (25.0%) | 16 (23.2%) | 20 (14.5%) | 0.117 |
 Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 7 (1.9%) | 4 (2.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.242 |
 α-Glucosidase inhibitor, n (%) | 6 (1.7%) | 4 (2.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.443 |
Insulin therapy, n (%) | 224 (61.9%) | 99 (51.6%) | 35 (50.7%) | 42 (30.4%) | <0.001 |
Statins, n (%) | 39 (10.8%) | 18 (9.4%) | 4 (5.8%) | 15 (10.9%) | 0.616 |