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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics stratified by metabolic syndrome

From: Impact of metabolic syndrome on lipid target achievements in the Arabian Gulf: findings from the CEPHEUS study

Characteristic, n (%) unless specified otherwise

All (N = 4171)

No MetS (n = 1223) 29 %

Mets (n = 2948) 71 %

P value

Gulf citizen

3215 (77 %)

874 (71 %)

2341 (79 %)

<0.001

Female gender

1711 (41 %)

366 (30 %)

1345 (46 %)

<0.001

Age, mean ± SD, years

57 ± 11

57 ± 12

57 ± 11

0.620

Weight, mean ± SD, kg

82 ± 17

78 ± 17

84 ± 17

<0.001

Waist circumference, mean ± SD, cm

104 ± 14

99 ± 14

106 ± 13

<0.001

BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m2

31 ± 7

29 ± 6

32 ± 7

<0.001

BMI >30 kg/m2

2219 (53 %)

484 (40 %)

1735 (59 %)

<0.001

Current smoker

517 (12 %)

168 (14 %)

349 (12 %)

0.090

Hypertension

2906 (70 %)

750 (61 %)

2156 (73 %)

<0.001

Coronary heart disease

1511 (36 %)

554 (45 %)

957 (32 %)

<0.001

Peripheral vascular disease

142 (3.4 %)

52 (4.3 %)

90 (3.1 %)

0.052

Cerebrovascular disease

183 (4.4 %)

53 (4.3 %)

130 (4.4 %)

0.913

Diabetes mellitus

3205 (77 %)

768 (63 %)

2437 (83 %)

<0.001

HbA1c, mean ± SD,  %

8.62 ± 3.79

7.84 ± 2.61

8.88 ± 4.06

<0.001

HbA1c <7 %

820 (26 %)

320 (42 %)

500 (21 %)

<0.001

ASCVD risk status

High risk

910 (22 %)

335 (27 %)

575 (20 %)

<0.001

Very high risk

3261 (78 %)

888 (73 %)

2373 (81 %)

<0.001

Dyslipidaemic therapy

Statin monotherapy

3928 (94 %)

1146 (94 %)

2782 (94 %)

0.218

Statin combination

202 (4.8 %)

67 (5.5 %)

135 (4.6 %)

0.486

Others

41 (1.0 %)

10 (0.8 %)

31 (1.1 %)

0.404

Lipid levels on treatment, mean ± SD, mmol/L, unless specified otherwise

TC

4.31 ± 1.11

4.15 ± 1.08

4.38 ± 1.12

<0.001

LDL-C

2.54 ± 0.94

2.43 ± 0.95

2.58 ± 0.93

<0.001

HDL-C

1.15 ± 0.31

1.30 ± 0.32

1.10 ± 0.28

<0.001

Apo B, g/L

0.92 ± 0.27

0.84 ± 0.26

0.95 ± 0.27

<0.001

Non-HDL-C

3.16 ± 1.09

2.85 ± 1.01

3.28 ± 1.09

<0.001

TG

1.75 ± 1.27

1.19 ± 0.46

1.98 ± 1.42

<0.001

Lipid goal attainments, n (%)

HDL-C goal

1952 (47 %)

963 (79 %)

989 (34 %)

<0.001

LDL-C goal

1258 (30 %)

449 (37 %)

809 (27 %)

<0.001

Apo B goal

1676 (40 %)

658 (54 %)

1018 (35 %)

<0.001

Non-HDL-C goal

1715 (41 %)

673 (55 %)

1042 (35 %)

<0.001

Blood pressure (BP), mean ± SD unless specified otherwise

Systolic BP, mmHg

133 ± 19

125 ± 17

136 ± 18

<0.001

Diastolic BP, mmHg

79 ± 10

75 ± 10

80 ± 10

<0.001

BP control, n (%)

2497 (60 %)

957 (78 %)

1540 (52 %)

<0.001

  1. As per recent unified definition by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) guidelines, MetS was defined as having 3 or more of the following criteria: (1) increased abdominal obesity (waist circumference of ≥94 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women for Middle Eastern (Mediterranean/European) populations), (2) elevated triglycerides of ≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), (3) reduced HDL-C of <40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) for males and <50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) for females, (4) elevated BP ≥130 mmHg for systolic and/or ≥85 mmHg for diastolic, and (5) elevated fasting blood glucose of ≥100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)
  2. Criteria for ASCVD risk status was adapted from the National Lipid Association criteria for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. High risk group included patients with ≥3 major ASCVD risk factors, diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2) with 0/1 major ASCVD risk factor and LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL (5.02 mmol/L) (severe hypercholesterolemia). Very high risk group included ASCVD (CHD, PAD, CVD), diabetes mellitus with ≥2 other major ASCVD risk factors
  3. Despite the lack of a recommended HDL-C goal by guidelines, satisfactory HDL-C was defined as <40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) for males or <50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) for females. Therapeutic lipoprotein targets for the high risk patients were LDL-C <2.6 mmol/L, apo B <0.90 g/L and non-HDL-C <3.3 mmol/L. For the highest risk group therapeutic lipoprotein targets were LDL-C <1.8 mmol/L, apo B <0.80 g/L and non-HDL-C <2.6 mmol/L
  4. BP goals were adapted from the new JNC-8 2014 Hypertension Guideline Management Algorithm. BP goals for those without diabetes mellitus (DM) and ≥60 years and those <60 years were <150/90 mmHg and <140/90 mmHg, respectively. For those with DM irrespective of age, the BP goal was <140/90 mmHg
  5. MetS metabolic syndrome, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, CHD coronary heart disease, PAD peripheral arterial disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, TC total cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Apo B apolipoprotein B, TG triglyceride
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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