Table 1 Clinical and laboratory features of studied individuals according to diabetes duration and BMI status (univariate analysis)

n

601

176

84

1275

462

113

Female gender (%)

54.4

56.3

50

NS

55.5

59.3

67.3

0.01*

Age (years)

13.5 (6.6)

13.1 (8.0)

9.8 (6.6)

<0.001

24.2 (11.5)

26.3 (12)

25.6 (13.9)

0.003

Diabetes duration (years)

2.32 (1.27)

2.20 (1.27)

2.20 (1.30)

NS

12.9 (7.4)

14.1 (8)

13.9 (9.3)

NS

Total insulin dose (U)

39.1 (21.8)

38.3 (21.0)

36.6 (23.7)

NS

51.7 (21.3)

59.1 (21.2)

60.1 (25.1)

<0.001

Insulin dose per body weight (U/kg)

0.90 (0.42)

0.82 (0.32)

0.83 (0.32)

NS

0.95 (0.38)

0.88 (0.34)

0.81 (0.34)

<0.001

Bolus/total insulin dose ratio (%)

22.6 (14.8)

21 (14.6)

20.8 (13)

NS

21.8 (14.7)

23.4 (15.1)

24.3 (15.1)

0.049

Number of insulin doses

4.71 (1.19)

4.66 (1.27)

4.90 (1.23)

NS

4.85 (1.20)

5.0 (1.20)

5.36 (1.17)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

18.7 (2.66)

21.4 (3.55)

23.4 (5.21)

<0.001

21 (2.36)

25.5 (2.49)

29.5 (4.58)

<0.001

Body surface area (m²)

1.33 (0.35)

1.36 (0.40)

1.23 (0.45)

0.03

1.57 (0.24)

1.72 (0.23)

1.77 (0.30)

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

101.6 (13.8)

102.7 (14.5)

103.1 (16.5)

NS

113.1 (16.3)

117.7 (17.4)

117.6 (16.7)

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

65.7 (10.4)

66.8 (11.7)

66.6 (9.7)

NS

72.3 (11)

74.4 (11.1)

74.2 (11.7)

0.001

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)^a

9.6 (5.8)

9.6 (5.4)

9.8 (4.9)

NS

10.1 (5.8)

10.2 (5.7)

9.9 (6.1)

NS

HbA1c (%)

9.2 (2.5)

8.9 (2.2)

8.8 (2.4)

NS

9.3 (2.3)

9.3 (2.3)

9.3 (2.3)

NS

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

78 (27)

74 (25)

73 (26)

NS

78 (25)

78 (25)

78 (25)

NS

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)^b

4.20 (1.02)

4.18 (0.81)

4.27 (0.87)

NS

4.42 (1.05)

4.56 (1.14)

4.59 (1.23)

0.04

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)^b

1.37 (0.37)

1.26 (0.30)

1.24 (0.27)

0.002

1.39 (0.39)

1.39 (0.41)

1.32 (0.34)

NS

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)^b

2.43 (0.80)

2.49 (0.66)

2.65 (0.76)

NS

2.57 (0.85)

2.69 (0.87)

2.65 (0.86)

NS

Non-HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)^b

2.84 (0.97)

2.90 (0.71)

3.08 (0.83)

NS

3.02 (0.99)

3.17 (1.10)

3.26 (1.31)

NS

Triglycerides (mmol/L)^{c, d}

0.73 [0.52–1.05]

0.80 [0.58–1.04]

0.76 [0.57–1.24]

NS

0.85 [0.61–1.14]

0.86 [0.64–1.29]

0.97 [0.68–1.46]

0.003

Familial history of type 2 diabetes (%)

8.4

14.4

10.7

NS

14.3

22.7

24.1

<0.001*

Overt nephropathy (%)

0

0

0

NS

4.8

1.9

2.9

0.04

Coronary events (%)

0

0

0

NS

0.7

0.9

0.9

NS

Number of cardiovascular risk factors

0.90 (0.87)

0.95 (0.93)

1.01 (0.95)

NS

0.93 (0.87)

1.28 (0.84)

1.30 (0.78)

<0.001