Table 4 Summary of the changes of waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), heart rate, and International Physical Activity Question (IPAQ) activity and sitting levels at baseline (Pre), midway (Mid), and completion (Post) of the 1-year experimental period in Control and Yoga groups
Control group (n=98 for PP, n=137 for ITT) | Yoga group (n=84 for PP, n=146 for ITT) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Mid | Post | Pre | Mid | Post | P-value (PP) | Effect size (PP) | P-value (ITT) | Effect size (ITT) | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 89.2 ± 6.3 | 87.4 ± 7.0 | 89.5 ± 7.6 | 89.9 ± 7.7 | 87.78 ± 8.3 | 86.8 ± 6.9 | 0.003# | 0.010 | 0.041# | 0.005 |
0.024## | 0.027 | 0.001## | 0.019 | |||||||
Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 132.8 ± 17.8 | 131.5 ± 17.0 | 130.2 ± 18.1 | 135.0 ± 15.5 | 129.1 ± 13.8 | 128.5 ± 13.8 | 0.067 | 0.021 | 0.001## | 0.019 |
Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 81.3 ± 10.5 | 80.4 ± 9.8 | 79.7 ± 10.1 | 83.6 ± 9.0 | 79.8 ± 9.6 | 80.0 ± 10.4 | 0.107 | 0.019 | 0.001### | 0.012 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 5.7 ± 1.3 | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 0.567 | 0.004 | 0.026### | 0.002 |
Fasting plasma triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 2.2 | 2.3 ± 2.1 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 0.891 | 0.007 | 0.007### | 0.009 |
Fasting plasma HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.567 | 0.003 | 0.031### | 0.003 |
Resting heart rate (beats/min) | 71.0 ± 8.6 | 71.3 ± 10.8 | 71.0 ± 10.7 | 71.2 ± 10.0 | 70.9 ± 8.3 | 67.8 ± 7.5 | 0.039# | 0.006 | 0.016### | 0.003 |
0.001## | 0.011 | 0.005 | ||||||||
IPAQ activity (MET-minutes/week) | 2857.6 ± 4953.4 | 2607.8 ± 2064.3 | 3386.6 ± 3745.9 | 3629.8 ± 2735.7 | 3608.9 ± 4223.0 | 3977.7 ± 3946.4 | 0.051 | 0.009 | 0.001### | 0.021 |
IPAQ sitting (minutes/week) | 2291.6 ± 1494.5 | 2101.1 ± 1479.7 | 1973.0 ± 1517.8 | 2485.2 ± 1563.3 | 2256.1 ± 1223.6 | 2233.3 ± 1274.7 | 0.004### | 0.014 | 0.044### | 0.009 |
SF-12-PCS | 46.64 ± 6.99 | 47.01 ± 7.98 | 47.00 ± 8.21 | 44.06 ± 8.02 | 47.21 ± 7.54 | 47.20 ± 7.94 | 0.031### | 0.010 | 0.039### | 0.015 |
SF-12-MCS | 52.30 ± 8.16 | 51.21 ± 8.30 | 52.09 ±6.80 | 50.58 ± 8.84 | 51.01 ± 8.97 | 51.76 ±8.70 | 0.268 | 0.003 | 0.073 | 0.005 |
CES-D | 11.62 ± 7.23 | 11.77 ± 6.58 | 10.47 ± 6.64 | 12.58 ± 7.86 | 11.85 ± 7.37 | 12.38 ± 8.53 | 0.179 | 0.001 | 0.631 | 0.001 |