Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

N

21

29

23

27

Age (years)

53.00 (46.50,57.50)

55.00 (49.50,58.00)

0.903

51.82 ± 6.91

51.65 ± 4.66

0.925

Height (cm)

165.76 ± 8.29

154.81 ± 4.13

<0.001*

165.91 ± 5.21

156.06 ± 5.46

<0.001*

Weight (kg)

69.67 ± 7.36

57.36 ± 5.77

<0.001*

70.65 ± 5.88

58.37 ± 7.71

<0.001*

BMI (kg/m²)

25.33 ± 1.56

23.81 ± 2.17

0.009*

25.65 (24.92,26.18)

23.92 (22.76,25.21)

0.003*

Waist (cm)

85.95 ± 4.92

79.91 ± 9.26

0.005*

87.59 ± 4.51

82.79 ± 8.60

0.017*

Hip (cm)

92.14 ± 3.48

89.30 ± 4.40

0.019*

92.80 ± 3.51

89.77 ± 6.51

0.046*

WHR

0.9 3(0.89, 0.98)

0.90 (0.81, 0.94)

0.038*

0.94 ± 0.05

0.92 ± 0.09

0.339

SBP (mmHg)

124.00 (110.00, 134.00)

120.00 (110.00, 130.00)

1.00

130.00 (124.00, 150.00)

140.00 (120.00, 141.00)

0.755

DBP (mmHg)

80.00 (70.00, 90.00)

80.00 (73.00, 85.50)

0.688

90.00 (77.50, 100.00)

83.00 (74.50, 90.00)

0.559

Body fat (kg)

17.48 ± 3.81

19 ± 4.98

0.256

22.49 ± 4.16

20.21 ± 4.52

0.088

BFR (%)

29.05 ± 6.38

30.93 ± 6.71

0.331

32.68 ± 4.56

31.90 ± 5.11

0.596

Muscle mass (kg)

23.74 ± 4.83

23.34 ± 5.25

0.788

25.78 ± 5.49

23.61 ± 3.84

0.140

BUN (mM)

4.76 ± 0.90

5.08 ± 1.77

0.450

4.86 ± 1.00

4.72 ± 1.04

0.627

Cr (uM)

70.10 ± 9.56

54.97 ± 8.75

<0.001*

65.00 ± 11.65

50.70 ± 12.06

<0.001*

UA (uM)

336.24 ± 81.71

223.62 ± 66.61

<0.001*

329.30 ± 78.76

269.67 ± 67.13

0.006*

eGFR (rml/min/1.73 m²)

100.86 ± 11.27

102.74 ± 9.04

0.516

107.63 ± 10.29

109.81 ± 14.63

0.551

TC (mM)

5.10 ± 0.85

5.32 ± 1.27

0.484

4.90 (1.18, 3.31)

5.67 (5.45, 5.90)

0.041*

TG (mM)

1.77 ± 1.04

1.08 ± 0.52

0.009*

1.75 (1.16, 3.33)

1.22 (0.96, 1.89)

0.298

HDL (mM)

1.23 ± 0.24

1.37 ± 0.25

0.054

1.24 ± 0.22

1.48 ± 0.54

0.040*

LDL (mM)

2.94 ± 0.60

3.15 ± 0.95

0.387

2.93 ± 0.82

3.24 ± 0.97

0.233

FFA (mM)

0.38 ± 0.19

0.40 ± 0.16

0.643

0.54 ± 0.27

0.82 ± 1.04

0.234

FPG (mM)

5.40 ± 0.42

5.13 ± 0.42

0.027*

7.47(6.40,8.80)

6.80(6.15,9.43)

0.477

2 h-PG (mM)

5.85 ± 1.32

6.33 ± 3.26

0.118

14.65(12.15,17.73)

14.15(12.15,19.73)

0.586

HbA1C (%)

5.55 (5.30, 5.70)

5.40 (5.20, 5.60)

0.206

6.60 (5.80, 8.20)

6.50 (5.90, 8.38)

0.741

FINS (mU/l)

4.15 (3.21, 6.71)

5.67 (3.82, 6.72)

0.254

8.85 (6.26, 11.53)

9.07 (6.47, 12.13)

0.969

HOMA-IR

1.38 ± 0.75

1.71 ± 0.91

0.182

2.82 (2.04, 3.31)

2.77 (2.27, 5.00)

0.633

HOMA-β (%)

27.67 (19.67, 60.77)

35.70 (25.00, 54.10)

0.331

43.25 (30.03, 62.47)

53.64 (33.12, 81.99)

0.430

Betatrophin (pg/ml)

299.61(146.56,439.65)

242.07(67.68,319.41)

0.033*

498.86 ± 239.79

334.59 ± 216.42

0.014*

Irisin (ng/ml)

244.38 (214.18, 305.92)

243.57 (193.49, 347.25)

0.687

249.53 (202.21, 455.08)

241.81 (205.82, 278.94)

0.808