Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants (urban vs. rural)*

N

1628

669

959

Men, n (%)

691 (42.4)

272 (40.7)

419 (43.7)

0.223

Age, years (SD)

41.0 (11.7)

45.9 (13.3)

37.6 (9.1)

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD)

117 (18)

117 (20)

117 (17)

0.991

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD)

75 (13)

72 (12)

77 (13)

<0.001

Body mass index, kg/m² (SD)

24.5 (4.4)

22.1 (3.1)

26.1 (4.5)

<0.001

Waist circumference, cm (SD)

82 (9)

82 (9)

82 (10)

0.050

Waist-to-hip ratio (SD)

0.85 (0.12)

0.81 (0.07)

0.91 (0.15)

<0.001

Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L (SD)

4.2 (1.5)

4.2 (1.6)

4.2 (1.4)

0.261

2h glucose, mmol/L (SD)

5.1 (2.0)

5.0 (1.7)

5.3 (2.3)

0.002

Triglycerides, mmol/L (SD)

0.53 (0.31)

0.52 (0.26)

0.54 (0.34)

0.522

Total cholesterol, mmol/L (SD)

3.1 (0.9)

3.6 (0.7)

3.5 (0.9)

<0.001

Fasting insulin, U/L [25th-75th percentiles]

3.7 [2.2-6.0]

2.4 [1.4-3.7]

4.8 [3.3-7.1]

<0.001

Fasting c-peptide, U/L [25th-75th percentiles]

0.28 [0.19-0.40]

0.23 [0.16-0.34]

0.31 [0.21-0.43]

<0.001

Total energy, METs (SD)

3726 (1516)

4087 (1704)

3491 (1316)

<0.001

HOMA-IR, Units [25th-75th percentiles]

0.67 [0.39-1.12]

0.42 [0.26-0.68]

0.88 [0.57-1.35]

<0.001

Education (secondary or more), n (%)

979 (62.4)

125 (20.2)

854 (89.8)

<0.001

Low socio-economic status, n (%)

1057 (65.1)

620 (93.2)

437 (45.6)

<0.001

Heavy drinker, n (%)

208 (12.8)

150 (22.6)

58 (6.1)

<0.001

Smoking, n (%)

<0.001

Never

1366 (84.1)

579 (86.9)

787 (82.2)

Ex-smoker

92 (5.7)

14 (2.1)

78 (8.1)

Current smokers

166 (10.2)

73 (11.0)

93 (9.7)

Strenuous physical activity, n (%)

747 (45.9)

383 (57.2)

363 (37.8)

<0.001

Any Diabetes, n (%)

65 (4.0)

33 (5.0)

32 (3.3)

0.102

Any hypertension, n (%)

130 (8.0)

35 (5.3)

95 (9.9)

0.001