The association of body mass index with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a case–control study nested in an electronic health records system in the United States

Table 2 Logistic Regression for Risk of T2D Diagnosis

	Odds Ratio	95% CI
BMI category (reference: 18.5–24.9 kg/m²)
25.0–29.9 kg/m²	1.63	1.49–1.78
30.0–34.9 kg/m²	3.19	2.92–3.48
35.0–39.9 kg/m²	5.86	5.32–6.46
40+ kg/m²	11.58	10.46–12.82
Age group (reference: 18–44)
45–64	1.19	1.11–1.28
65–74	0.74	0.67–0.81
75–84	0.79	0.70–0.88
85+	0.75	0.63–0.89
Male	0.97	0.92–1.02
Race (reference: White)
Black	1.44	1.18–1.75
Other/unknown	1.58	1.25–2.00
Index year (reference: 2005)
2006	1.35	1.21–1.50
2007	1.44	1.30–1.60
2008	1.22	1.10–1.35
2009	1.30	1.17–1.43
2010	0.95	0.85–1.04
2011	0.65	0.58–0.72
Smoking status (reference: Never smoke)
Former smoker	1.18	1.11–1.25
Current smoker	1.15	1.07–1.23
Other/unknown	0.40	0.35–0.45
Employment status (reference: Full time)
Not employed	1.14	1.06–1.23
Other/unknown	1.08	1.01–1.16
Payer status (reference: Commercial)
Medicare	1.13	1.04–1.23
Medicaid	1.11	0.97–1.27
Other/unknown	0.92	0.81–1.05
Covered by Geisinger Health Plan	1.23	1.16–1.29
Any cardiac comorbidities	1.70	1.58–1.83
Hyperinflammatory state	2.08	1.83–2.37
Depression	1.14	1.02–1.27
Psychiatric drug	1.31	1.21–1.43
Antidepressants/anxiolytics	1.19	1.12–1.26
Anti-obesity drug	1.39	0.81–2.38
Beta blocker	1.04	0.98–1.10
Antihyperlipidemia drugs	1.38	1.30–1.47
Antihypertensives	1.32	1.24–1.40
Any outpatient encounters	0.66	0.57–0.76
Any inpatient encounters	1.31	1.19–1.43
Any emergency department encounters	1.03	0.95–1.12
Log of total encounter costs	1.17	1.14–1.19
C statistic = 0.79

Data source: Geisinger Health System electronic health records, January 2004–October 2011.
Characteristics were measured at index date or during 1 year before index date.
Any cardiac comorbidities: lipid abnormalities, coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and hypertension.
Hyperinflammatory state: defined by C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Psychiatric medication use: anticonvulsants or antipsychotic medication.
Total encounter costs: in 2011 dollars.