Daily doses | Outcome | No. of studies | Pooled sample size | Heterogeneity | Overall effect | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | T2 | I2 | P-value | SMD [95% CI] | P-value | ||
Below 1000 mg only | BMI | 4 | 352 | 0.01 | 22% | 0.28 | 0.33 [0.09, 0.58] | 0.007 |
 | SBP | 2 | 177 | 0.00 | 0% | 0.64 | -0.02 [-0.31, 0.28] | 0.92 |
 | DBP | 2 | 177 | 0.00 | 0% | 0.67 | -0.06 [-0.36, 0.23] | 0.69 |
 | FPG | 5 | 584 | 0.02 | 34% | 0.19 | 0.03 [-0.18, 0.24] | 0.77 |
 | HbA1c | 5 | 584 | 0.07 | 65% | 0.02 | 0.14 [-0.15, 0.44] | 0.34 |
 | PPBS | 3 | 276 | 0.04 | 46% | 0.16 | 0.02 [-0.32, 0.36] | 0.91 |
 | TC | 3 | 251 | 0.04 | 41% | 0.18 | 0.32 [-0.03, 0.66] | 0.07 |
 | HDL | 3 | 251 | 0.00 | 0% | 0.83 | 0.01 [-0.23, 0.26] | 0.91 |
 | LDL | 1 | 136 | NA | NA | NA | 0.19 [-0.15, 0.53] | 0.27 |
 | TG | 3 | 251 | 0.00 | 0% | 0.67 | 0.10 [-0.15, 0.34] | 0.44 |
 | FINS | 4 | 352 | 0.00 | 4% | 0.37 | 0.22 [0.00, 0.43] | 0.05 |
1000 mg and above 1000 mg | BMI | 6 | 636 | 0.87 | 95% | <0.00001 | -0.36 [-1.13, 0.41] | 0.36 |
 | SBP | 3 | 438 | 0.17 | 85% | 0.002 | 0.64 [0.12, 1.16] | 0.02 |
 | DBP | 3 | 438 | 0.19 | 86% | 0.0009 | 0.60 [0.06, 1.14] | 0.03 |
 | FPG | 9 | 1027 | 0.04 | 55% | 0.02 | -0.05 [-0.24, 0.14] | 0.64 |
 | HbA1c | 8 | 959 | 0.00 | 0% | 0.87 | -0.08 [-0.21, 0.04] | 0.20 |
 | PPBS | 8 | 823 | 0.22 | 84% | <0.00001 | -0.37 [-0.73, -0.01] | 0.04 |
 | TC | 6 | 636 | 0.24 | 85% | <0.00001 | 0.34 [-0.09, 0.77] | 0.12 |
 | HDL | 6 | 636 | 0.39 | 90% | <0.00001 | 0.14 [-0.39, 0.68] | 0.59 |
 | LDL | 5 | 566 | 0.02 | 32% | 0.21 | 0.38 [0.17, 0.59] | 0.0004 |
 | TG | 6 | 636 | .0.08 | 67% | 0.010 | 0.36 [0.07, 0.64] | 0.02 |
 | FINS | 6 | 667 | 0.71 | 95% | <0.00001 | -0.02 [-0.72, 0.67] | 0.94 |
Above 1000 mg only | BMI | 2 | 234 | 0.11 | 72% | 0.06 | 0.16 [-0.38, 0.69] | 0.56 |
 | SBP | 2 | 234 | 0.42 | 91% | 0.001 | 0.69 [-0.25, 1.63] | 0.15 |
 | DBP | 2 | 234 | 0.47 | 92% | 0.0005 | 0.63 [-0.36, 1.63] | 0.21 |
 | FPG | 3 | 461 | 0.07 | 73% | 0.02 | 0.02 [-0.35, 0.38] | 0.93 |
 | HbA1c | 3 | 461 | 0.00 | 0% | 0.91 | -0.16 [-0.34, 0.03] | 0.10 |
 | PPBS | 3 | 461 | 0.00 | 0% | 0.82 | -0.11 [-0.29, 0.07] | 0.24 |
 | TC | 2 | 234 | 0.01 | 17% | 0.27 | 0.23 [-0.07, 0.52] | 0.13 |
 | HDL | 2 | 234 | 0.00 | 0% | 0.48 | 0.06 [-0.20, 0.32] | 0.64 |
 | LDL | 1 | 164 | NA | NA | NA | 0.43 [0.12, 0.74] | 0.006 |
 | TG | 2 | 234 | 0.04 | 49% | 0.16 | 0.16 [-0.23, 0.55] | 0.42 |
 | FINS | 4 | 531 | 0.71 | 95% | <0.00001 | 0.28 [-0.57, 1.13] | 0.52 |