Table 1 Characteristics of patients included
Variables | Diabetes | |
|---|---|---|
Type 1 (N=375) | Type 2 (N=983) | |
Demographics | ||
Age – yrs | 34 ± 13.2 | 63 ± 11.3 |
Female gender | 232 (61.9) | 535 (55) |
Caucasian | 246 (65.6) | 595 (61.1) |
BMI – kg/m2 | 24 ± 3.7 | 29 ± 5.3 |
25-30 | 16 (4.3) | 255 (26.5) |
30-35 | 4 (1.1) | 119 (12.4) |
>35 | 12 (3.2) | 3 (0.3) |
Waist circumference, male, cm | 86 ± 11.4 | 102 ± 12.8 |
Waist circumference, female, cm | 80 ± 11.9 | 96 ± 13.8 |
Socioeconomic profile | ||
University level or higher | 201 (53.7) | 321 (33.5) |
Private health insurance | 310 (82.7) | 833 (85.1) |
Full/part time employment | 263 (70.7) | 381 (38.9) |
Sick leave if employed* | 26 (6.9) | 21 (2.1) |
Unemployment related to disability | 67 (17.8) | 364 (37) |
Laboratorial measurements | ||
Fasting plasma glucose – mg/dL | 151 ± 81.7 | 143 ± 57.2 |
Glycated hemoglobin – % | 8.4 ± 1.9 | 7.5 ± 1.6 |
Total cholesterol – mg/dL | 179 ± 45.2 | 181 ± 41.6 |
LDL-cholesterol – mg/dL | 102 ± 33.5 | 102 ± 39.2 |
HDL-cholesterol – mg/dL | 58 ± 41.2 | 48 ± 22.5 |
Triglycerides – mg/dL | 103 ±74.9 | 157 ± 105 |
Time since diagnosis – yrs | 16 ± 10.8 | 11 ± 8.7 |
Medications | ||
Use of glucose-lowering drug | 43 (11.5) | 827 (84.1) |
Metformin | 31 (8.3) | 270 (27.5) |
Sulphonylureas | 1 (0.3) | 60 (6.1) |
Metformin + sulphonylureas | 1 (0.3) | 309 (31.4) |
Others | 10 (2.7) | 188 (19.1) |
Number of glucose-lowering drugs | ||
1 | 37 (9.9) | 379 (38.6) |
2 | 6 (1.6) | 344 (35) |
>2 | 0 (0) | 104 (10.6) |
Insulin | 375 (100) | 343 (34.8) |
ACEi/ARB | 85 (22.7) | 582 (59.2) |
Antiplatelet agent | 66 (17.6) | 465 (47.3) |
Statins | 68 (18.1) | 478 (48.6) |
Hospital admissions* | 30 (9.1) | 40 (4.5) |
Diabetes complications | ||
Retinopathy | 106 (28.3) | 204 (20.7) |
Neuropathy | 65 (17.3) | 200 (20.3) |
Proteinuria¶ | 89 (23.7) | 190 (19.3) |
Dialysis | 16 (4.3) | 43 (4.3) |
Acute coronary syndrome | 7 (1.8) | 102 (10.4) |
Heart failure | 5 (1.3) | 50 (5) |
Stroke | 4 (1) | 42 (4.2) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 14 (3.7) | 134 (13.6) |