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Table 1 Characteristics of patients included
| Variables | Diabetes | |
|---|---|---|
| Type 1 (N=375) | Type 2 (N=983) | |
| Demographics | ||
| Age – yrs | 34 ± 13.2 | 63 ± 11.3 |
| Female gender | 232 (61.9) | 535 (55) |
| Caucasian | 246 (65.6) | 595 (61.1) |
| BMI – kg/m2 | 24 ± 3.7 | 29 ± 5.3 |
| 25-30 | 16 (4.3) | 255 (26.5) |
| 30-35 | 4 (1.1) | 119 (12.4) |
| >35 | 12 (3.2) | 3 (0.3) |
| Waist circumference, male, cm | 86 ± 11.4 | 102 ± 12.8 |
| Waist circumference, female, cm | 80 ± 11.9 | 96 ± 13.8 |
| Socioeconomic profile | ||
| University level or higher | 201 (53.7) | 321 (33.5) |
| Private health insurance | 310 (82.7) | 833 (85.1) |
| Full/part time employment | 263 (70.7) | 381 (38.9) |
| Sick leave if employed* | 26 (6.9) | 21 (2.1) |
| Unemployment related to disability | 67 (17.8) | 364 (37) |
| Laboratorial measurements | ||
| Fasting plasma glucose – mg/dL | 151 ± 81.7 | 143 ± 57.2 |
| Glycated hemoglobin – % | 8.4 ± 1.9 | 7.5 ± 1.6 |
| Total cholesterol – mg/dL | 179 ± 45.2 | 181 ± 41.6 |
| LDL-cholesterol – mg/dL | 102 ± 33.5 | 102 ± 39.2 |
| HDL-cholesterol – mg/dL | 58 ± 41.2 | 48 ± 22.5 |
| Triglycerides – mg/dL | 103 ±74.9 | 157 ± 105 |
| Time since diagnosis – yrs | 16 ± 10.8 | 11 ± 8.7 |
| Medications | ||
| Use of glucose-lowering drug | 43 (11.5) | 827 (84.1) |
| Metformin | 31 (8.3) | 270 (27.5) |
| Sulphonylureas | 1 (0.3) | 60 (6.1) |
| Metformin + sulphonylureas | 1 (0.3) | 309 (31.4) |
| Others | 10 (2.7) | 188 (19.1) |
| Number of glucose-lowering drugs | ||
| 1 | 37 (9.9) | 379 (38.6) |
| 2 | 6 (1.6) | 344 (35) |
| >2 | 0 (0) | 104 (10.6) |
| Insulin | 375 (100) | 343 (34.8) |
| ACEi/ARB | 85 (22.7) | 582 (59.2) |
| Antiplatelet agent | 66 (17.6) | 465 (47.3) |
| Statins | 68 (18.1) | 478 (48.6) |
| Hospital admissions* | 30 (9.1) | 40 (4.5) |
| Diabetes complications | ||
| Retinopathy | 106 (28.3) | 204 (20.7) |
| Neuropathy | 65 (17.3) | 200 (20.3) |
| Proteinuria¶ | 89 (23.7) | 190 (19.3) |
| Dialysis | 16 (4.3) | 43 (4.3) |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 7 (1.8) | 102 (10.4) |
| Heart failure | 5 (1.3) | 50 (5) |
| Stroke | 4 (1) | 42 (4.2) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 14 (3.7) | 134 (13.6) |
