From: Hypoglycemia during hyperosmolar hyperglycemic crises is associated with long-term mortality
Characteristic | Pure HHS (n = 116) | Hyperosmolar DKA (n = 54) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age (years) | 76 (64–83) | 57 (42–73) | < 0.001 |
Sex (male) | 54 (46.5) | 28 (51.8) | 0.520 |
Metabolic characteristics | |||
Known diagnosis of any form of diabetes before admission (yes) | 76 (65.5) | 46 (85.1) | 0.008 |
Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (yes) | 105 (90.5) | 20 (37.0) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2)a | 26.9 (23.8–31.1) | 23.2 (20.2–26.8) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c during or before admission (%)b | 10.5 (9.2–12.6) | 11.0 (9.2–13.6) | 0.223 |
Test on admission | |||
Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 802 (669–1002) | 906 (726–1016) | 0.056 |
Serum osmolality (mOsm/kg) | 328 (320–364) | 330 (320–345) | 0.583 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.7 m2)c | 28 (20–41) | 31 (21–40) | 0.509 |
Hypokalemia (yes)d | 8 (7.5) | 4 (8.3) | 0.866 |
Hyperkalemia (yes)d | 25 (23.5) | 21 (43.7) | 0.011 |
pH | 7.38 (7.32–7.41) | 7.02 (6.92–7.16) | < 0.001 |
Serum bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 23.4 (19.5–26.6) | 8.7 (7.2–12.8) | < 0.001 |
Serum β-hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L) | 0.5 (0.2–1.7) | 6.2 (5.5–7.2) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities | |||
Charlson comorbidity index (score points) | 6 (4–7) | 2 (1–5) | < 0.001 |
Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.7 m2)e | 54 (34–73) | 78 (59–105) | < 0.001 |
Personal history of heart failure (yes) | 22 (18.9) | 2 (3.7) | 0.008 |
Personal history of myocardial infarction (yes) | 9 (7.7) | 7 (12.9) | 0.279 |
Personal history of cerebrovascular accident (yes)f | 32 (27.5) | 3 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
Personal history of cancer (yes) | 18 (15.5) | 2 (3.7) | 0.026 |
Probable infection during admission (yes)g | 61 (52.5) | 29 (53.7) | 0.892 |
Outcomes | |||
Length of hospital stay (days) | 8 (5–13) | 7 (5–11) | 0.341 |
HbA1c after admission (%)h | 6.5 (5.5–9.0) | 8.5 (6.7–9.5) | 0.012 |
Mortality during hospitalization (yes) | 8 (6.8) | 3 (5.5) | 0.741 |
1-year mortality (yes)i | 43 (40.5) | 7 (15.9) | 0.004 |
2-year mortality (yes)j | 53 (53.0) | 8 (19.5) | < 0.001 |