Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author, Year | Country | Total/ subclasses of EDCs | Mother age, yrs (mean ± SD) | Pre-preg BMI (kg/m2) | Sample size (F/M) | Outcome | Sample | Adjustments/match | Total quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Montazeri, 2022 | Spain | BPA, Phthalate, phenols | 31.9 ± 4.1 | 23.8 ± 4.5 | 150/155 | BP | Spot urine | For child age and height at visit, child sex, mother’s age at delivery, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, social class, parental cardiovascular history, smoking during pregnancy and gestational age | 7 |
Zuo, 2022 | USA | BPA | 48 ± 17.75 | NM | 4065/3831 | BMI | Spot urine | Age, urinary creatinine, marital status, total energy intake, race/ethnicity, education, ratio of family income to poverty, smoking, drinking, and exercise | 9 |
Yang, 2021 | China | Pesticide | 28.2 ± 3.2 | NM | 495/544 | BMI | Cord | Infant gender, maternal age, maternal education, pre-pregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain, maternal height, parity, passive smoking, and duration of breastfeeding | 7 |
Serum | |||||||||
Güil-Oumrait, 2021 | Spain | POPs | 29.84 ± 4.48 | NM | 187/192 | WC | Cord serum | Maternal characteristics (i.e. parity history, pre-pregnancy BMI, education, socioeconomic status, smoking, and age at pregnancy), and child’s follow up visit. Body fat % model was additionally adjusted by sex | 7 |
BMI | |||||||||
BP | |||||||||
Berger, 2021 | USA | MBzP, MEP, MBP, MiBP MCPP, MCOP, MCNP, DEHP | 26.7 ± 5.3 | NM | Total: 309 | BMI | Urine | Age at delivery, maternal education, years lived in the U.S. at delivery, poverty status during pregnancy (at or below vs. above poverty threshold), and the childhood frequency of fast-food intake at age five (< 1 time per week, 1–2 times per week, and 3 + times per week) | 7 |
Kupsco, 2020 | USA | Phthalates | 27.9 ± 5.7 | 26.4 ± 4.1 | 235/228 | TG | Serum | Phthalate metabolite concentrations are vary throughout pregnancy, and from day to day and throughout a 24-h period | 5 |
TC | |||||||||
HDL.C | |||||||||
Jensen, 2020 | Denmark | BPA, POPs, PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFDA, PFNA | 30.2 ± 4.5 | NM | 275/318 | WC | Serum | Maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, educational level, smoking, sex, and adiposity marker at birth | 6 |
BMI | |||||||||
TG | |||||||||
TC | |||||||||
LDL-C | |||||||||
HDL-C | |||||||||
Warner, 2020 | Italy | Dioxins | 27.8 ± 4.8 | NM | 222/204 | TG | Serum | Age at interview, sex, primary wage earner education, and maternal age at pregnanc | 7 |
TC | |||||||||
LDL-C | |||||||||
HDL-C | |||||||||
FBS | |||||||||
Sol, 2020 | Netherland | Phthalate | 30.9 ± 4.6 | 22.7 (18.5–34.9) | 526/538 | BP | Urine | Child’s age and standardized height and maternal age, education, parity, ethnicity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, alcohol consumption and smoking habits (specifically in early, mid and late pregnancy) | 6 |
Ouyang, 2020 | China | BPA | 30.6 ± 3.5 | 21.7 ± 3.3 | 105/113 | BP, FBS | Urine | (1) Child age; (2) birthweight for gestational age (LGA and non-LGA); (3) child urinary BPA (low, medium and high level in tertiles) and weight-for-length z-score; (4) maternal passive smoking (yes or no), child passive smoking (yes or no), and infant 0–6 months breastfeeding type (formula, exclusive breastfeeding, and mixed feeding) | 9 |
Lee, 2019 | Korea | DEHP, MnBP, MEHHP, MEOHP | NM | NM | 226/255 | BMI | Urine | Age, body mass index, household income level, and maternal education level | 8 |
Manzano-Salgado, 2017 | Spain | PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFOS, | 31.5 ± 5.5 | NM | 600/630 | WC | Plasma | Maternal region of residence, country of birth, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, previous breastfeeding, and by the age at follow-up and sex of the child | 8 |
BMI | |||||||||
TG | |||||||||
TC | |||||||||
LDL-C | |||||||||
HDL-C | |||||||||
Bae, 2017 | Korea | BPA | 31.2 ± 3.6 | NM | 227/259 | BP | Urine | Adjusted for age, sex, height, weight, birth weight, gestational age at birth, maternal age at enrollment, parental history of hypertension, father’s education, environmental tobacco smoke, duration of vigorous physical activity per week, and current infection | 6 |
Vuong, 2016 | USA | PBDEs | 29.3 ± 2.7 | 25.7 ± 4.3 | 200/118 | WC | Serum | Maternal age, race, education, income, maternal smoking status, maternal depression, fresh fruit and vegetable intake during pregnancy. Additionally adjusted by maternal height | 7 |
BMI | |||||||||
Maresca, 2016 | USA | Phthalate, MCPP, MiBP, MBP, MBzP | 28.5 ± 3.4 | NM | 181/156 | WC | Urine | Age (in months) at time of measurement, maternal pre-pregnancy obesity, birth weight, maternal race/ethnicity, receipt of public assistance during pregnancy, and urinary specific gravity. Metabolite concentrations | 8 |
BMI | Were ln-transformed for analyses | ||||||||
Vafeiadi, 2016 | Spain | BPA | 29.4 ± 5.1 | 24.4 ± 4.9 | 219/275 | WC | Urine, Serum | Maternal educational level, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, working status during pregnancy, child sex, Z-score of birth weight for gestational age and breastfeeding status | 6 |
BMI | |||||||||
TG | |||||||||
TC | |||||||||
HDL-C | |||||||||
BP | |||||||||
Buckley, 2016 | USA | MEP, MnBP, MiBP, MCPP, MBzP, DEHP | NM | NM | 129/126 | BMI | Urine | Adjusted for cohort, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal age at delivery, maternal education, maternal work status during pregnancy, maternal pre- pregnancy BMI, maternal height, gestational weight gain, maternal smoking during pregnancy, natural log creatinine, calendar date of urine collection, parity, child’s sex, breastfeeding, and months of age at follow-up | 9 |
Braun, 2016 | Canada | PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFOS | 29 ± 5.9 | NM | 110/175 | WC | Serum | Maternal age, race, education, income, parity, employment, marital status, depressive symptoms, BMI at 16 weeks gestation, fruit/vegetable consumption, fish consumption, prenatal vitamin use, and maternal serum cotinine concentrations. The waist circumference model is also adjusted for child age in months | 6 |
BMI | |||||||||
Vafeiadi, 2015 | Greece | PCBs, DDE, HCB | 29.9 ± 5 | 24.4 ± 4.7 | 331/358 | BMI | Serum | Maternal variables: triglycerides and cholesterol, age, BMI before pregnancy, parity, educational level, smoking during pregnancy | 7 |
WC | Variables of the child: weight at birth, sex, lactation, gestational age and exact age at the time of measurement | ||||||||
BP | |||||||||
Kim, 2015 | Korea | diethylhexyl phthalate | 33.5 ± 4.5 | NM | 65/63 | TG | Urine, umbilical cord blood samples | NM | 6 |
TC | |||||||||
Erkin-Cakma, 2015 | Canada | PBDEs | 27.5 ± 5 | NM | 125/99 | WC | Serum | Maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, years lived in the United States, gestational weight gain, poverty during pregnancy; and child gestational age, duration of breastfeeding, and fast food and soda consumption at age 7 | 7 |
BMI | |||||||||
Valvi, 2015 | Spain | HMWPm, LMWPm | 39.7 ± 1.4 | NM | 186/205 | WC | Urine | adjusted for child sex, exact age at examination, and maternal characteristics (country of origin, age at delivery, parity, education, social class, pre-pregnancy BMI, and smoking in pregnancy | 7 |
BMI | |||||||||
BP | |||||||||
Agay-Shay, 2014 | Spain | HCB, MEP, MnBP, MiBP, MBzP, MEcPP, MEHHP, DDE, BPA | NM | NM | total: 470 | BMI | Urine | child’s sex (male, female), gestational age (continuous in weeks), birth weight (continuous, in grams), exact age at the time that the outcome was measured (continuous, in months), and maternal country of origin (Spain, non-Spain), maternal age at delivery (continuous, in years), maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (continuous, in kilograms per meter squared), maternal weight gain during pregnancy (low, recommended, or high) | 9 |
Tang-Peronard, 2014 | USA | PCBs, DDE | 27.1 ± 4.7 | 23.9 ± 3.9 | 271/290 | WC | Serum | NM | 8 |
BMI | |||||||||
Warner, 2014 | USA | o,p-DDT, p,p-DDT, p,p-DDE | 26.1 ± 5 | NM | 118/143 | WC | Serum | Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, birth weight, and child television time | 8 |
BMI | |||||||||
Harlely, 2013 | USA | BPA | 26 ± 4.5 | NM | 167/123 | WC | Urine | Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, household income, maternal education level, maternal years of residence in the United States, smoking during pregnancy, soda consumption during pregnancy, and child’s fast food and sweet consumption at age 9 year | 8 |
BMI | |||||||||
Andersen, 2013 | Denmark | PFOS, PFOA | 30.6 ± 6.2 | 22.9 ± 4.7 | 387/400 | WC | Serum | Including child’s age, maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, socioeconomic status, and gestational age at blood drawing | 9 |
BMI | |||||||||
Cupul-Uicab, 2013 | USA | HCH, p,p-DDT, HCB, PCBs, p,p-DDE | NM | NM | 641/1042 | BMI | Serum | (1)Total cholesterol, triglycerides, study center, mother’s race, socioeconomic index, education, smoking during pregnancy, prepregnancy BMI, and child’s sex and birth order. (2) child’s exact age at anthropometric measurements | 6 |
Delvaux, 2013 | Belgium | PCBs, HCB | 30 ± 5.5 | NM | 57/57 | WC | Serum | Total cholesterol, triglycerides, study center, mother’s race, socioeconomic index, education, and smoking during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI, and child’s sex and birth order. Additionally adjusted for child’s exact age at anthropometric measurements | 7 |
BMI | |||||||||
Smink, 2008 | Spain | HCB, total PCBs | NM | NM | 482 | BMI | Serum | (1) Age and sex, (2) maternal age, height, pre-pregnancy over-weight or obesity, education, parity and child’s sex and current age. (3) 2 + birthweight | 7 |