Table 2 The table shows epigenetic alterations caused by various endocrine disruptors leading to GDM
From: Endocrine disrupting chemicals: gestational diabetes and beyond
Sl. No. | EDCs Present | Epigenetic alterations | References |
|---|---|---|---|
1. | Bisphenols BPA, BPF, BPS, BPAF | miR level alterations (miR-146a, miR-29a, miR-222, miR-132), DNA hypermethylation, protein demethylation. | 20, 22, 23, 32, 33,37 |
2. | Phthalates MiBP, MBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEP, MCPP | miR level alterations (miR-29a, miR-222, miR-132, or miR-16, miR-17, miR-19, and miR-20a, DNA methylation, DNA methyl alterations. | 37, 44, 50 |
3. | Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA | miRs level alterations, DNA methylation changes. | 61, 62, 63, 65, 123 |
4. | Heavy Metals Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, As | Altered miR-191 levels, DNA methylation alterations. | 81, 82, 84, 94, 123 |
5. | Parabens MeP, EtP, PrP, BuP | miR level alterations (miR-15a-5p, miR-185, DNA methylation. | 111, 112, 113 |
6. | Dioxins PCB | miR level alterations (miR-191, miR-103, miR-107), DNA methylation. | 61, 123 |