Table 1 List of association of various endocrine disruptors with GDM and other pregnancy outcomes
From: Endocrine disrupting chemicals: gestational diabetes and beyond
Sl. No. | EDCs Present and their Concentrations | Pregnancy complications | Study subjects | Samples collected | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Bisphenols | ||||
1. | BPA (0.72 μg/L), BPF (1.74 μg/L), BPS (0.30 μg/L), BPAF (0.025 μg/L) | GDM | Human | Urine samples | 20 |
2. | BPA (first trimester - 1.39 µg/L and second trimester - 1.27 µg/L | GDM | Human | Urine samples | 22 |
3. | BPA (first trimester - 1.23 μg/L and second trimester - 1.01 μg/L) | GDM | Human | Urine samples | 23 |
4. | BPA (2.05 µg/g) | GDM, Obesity | Mice | Urine samples | 32 |
5. | BPA (0.34 ng/mL) | Pre-term births, congenital infection | Humans | Cord blood samples | 33 |
6. | BPA (6.41 ng/mL) | GDM | Human | Urine samples | 37 |
| Â | Phthalates | ||||
7. | MiBP (0.23 ng/mL), MBP (1.08 ng/mL), MBzP (0.15 ng/mL), MEHP (22.2 ng/mL) | GDM | Human | Urine samples | 37 |
8. | MEP (0.07 ng/mL), MBzP (0.21 ng/mL), MCPP (0.33 ng/mL) | GWG, GDM | Human, Rats, Mice, Sheep, Baboons | Urine samples | 44 |
9. | MEHP (1.2 ng/mL), MEP (0.5 ng/mL) | HDP, Obesity | Rats | Urine samples | 50 |
| Â | Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) | ||||
10. | PFAS (0.02–0.06 ng/mL) | GDM, Obesity | Mice | Blood samples | 61 |
11. | PFOS (0.20 ng/mL), PFOA (0.20 ng/mL), PFHxS (0.20 ng/mL), PFNA (0.10 ng/mL) | GDM | Rats | Blood samples | 62 |
12. | PFHxS (0.30 ng/mL), PFOS (8.31 ng/mL), PFOA (1.71 ng/mL), PFNA (0.66 ng/mL), PFDA (0.26 ng/mL) | GDM | Mice | Blood samples | 63 |
13. | PFOS (0.20 ng/mL), PFAS (0.10 ng/mL), PFOA (0.30 ng/mL) | GWG | Human | Blood samples | 65 |
14. | PFOS (27.2 ng/mL), PFOA (3.31 ng/mL), PFHxS (4.54 ng/mL), PFDA (0.28 ng/mL), PFNA (0.59 ng/mL) | GDM | Mice | Serum and cord blood samples | 123 |
| Â | Heavy Metals | ||||
15. | Cr (2.286 μg/L), Mn (2.725 μg/L), Cu (932.164 μg/L), Zn (634.382 μg/L), Cd (0.096 μg/L) | GDM | Human | Blood samples | 81 |
16. | Cd (0.37 μg/L), Pb (1.32 μg/L), Hg (0.93 μg/L) | HDP, Obesity, Insulin resistance | Human | Blood samples | 82 |
17. | As (2.09–24.07 μg/L) | GDM | Human | Blood samples | 84 |
18. | As (66 μg/L) | Teratogenic effects | Human | Urine samples | 94 |
19. | Hg (11.9 μg/L) | GDM | Mice | Serum and cord blood samples | 123 |
| Â | Parabens | ||||
20. | MeP (5.13 ng/mL), EtP (0.12 ng/mL), PrP (0.46 ng/mL) | GDM, Obesity | Mice | Urine samples | 111 |
21. | MeP (17.96 μg/L), EtP (0.66 μg/L), PrP (0.94 μg/L) | GDM | Mice | Urine samples | 112 |
22. | MeP (89.8 µg/L), PrP (19 µg/L), BuP (0.8 µg/L) | GDM | Human, Mice, Rats | Urine samples | 113 |
| Â | Dioxins | ||||
23. | PCB (0.005 ng/mL) | GDM, Obesity | Mice | Blood samples | 61 |
24. | PCB (1.23 μg/g-lipid) | GDM | Mice | Serum and cord blood samples | 123 |
| Â | Other Endocrine Disruptors | ||||
25. | DDE (0.5 μg/g-lipid) | GDM | Mice | Serum and cord blood samples | 123 |
25. | Nonylphenols (first trimester 4.10 ng/mL, second trimester 3.31 ng/mL, and third trimester 3.09 ng/mL) | GDM, Placenta previa, Preeclampsia, oligohydramnios Hyperthyroidism | Human | Urine samples | 132 |