Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants with type 2 diabetes by sleep patterns
| Â | Poor sleep | Moderate sleep | Sleep health | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 2127 | N = 2685 | N = 2048 | ||
Survival time, per-month | 148.51 (17.51) | 149.21 (16.46) | 149.4 (15.38) | 0.080 |
Age, year | 58.00 (7.55) | 58.54 (7.39) | 58.40 (7.40) | 0.040 |
Male, n (%) | 1182 (28.10) | 1615 (38.40) | 1410 (33.50) | 0.000 |
White, n (%) | 1922 (30.50) | 2490 (39.50) | 1896 (30.10) | 0.011 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 30.19 (6.13) | 29.89 (5.73) | 30.11 (5.54) | 0.120 |
College or higher, n (%) | 1377 (30.40) | 1773 (39.10) | 1386 (30.60) | 0.228 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 211 (34.80) | 234 (38.60) | 161 (26.60) | 0.207 |
Current drinker, n (%) | 1870 (30.40) | 2407 (39.20) | 1866 (30.40) | 0.019 |
IPAQ, n (%) | ||||
 Low | 619 (35.20) | 649 (36.90) | 492 (28.00) | 0.000 |
 Moderate | 862 (30.30) | 1105 (38.80) | 880 (30.90) |  |
 High | 646 (28.70) | 931 (41.30) | 676 (30.00) |  |
TDI | − 0.96 (3.15) | − 1.34 (3.01) | − 1.548 (2.84) | 0.000 |
Energy, Kcal | 2032.99 (588.26) | 2044.06 (564.85) | 2082.80 (567.98) | 0.002 |
Fiber, g/day | 17.76 (7.00) | 18.14 (6.73) | 18.21 (6.56) | 0.000 |
Diet quality, n (%) | ||||
 0 | 25 (44.60) | 24 (42.90) | 7 (12.50) | 0.010 |
 1 | 586 (31.30) | 695 (37.10) | 594 (31.70) |  |
 2 | 1138 (31.30) | 1449 (39.80) | 1051 (28.90) |  |
 3 | 378 (29.30) | 517 (40.00) | 396 (30.70) |  |
Age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, year | 56.30 (8.13) | 57.06 (7.73) | 56.94 (7.71) | 0.000 |
Severity of type 2 diabetes, n (%) | ||||
 0 | 1070 (29.50) | 1436 (39.60) | 1117 (30.80) | 0.004 |
 1 | 659 (30.80) | 841 (39.40) | 637 (29.80) |  |
 2 | 222 (34.00) | 247 (37.90) | 183 (28.10) |  |
 3 | 55 (43.70) | 48 (38.10) | 23 (18.30) |  |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 878 (31.50) | 1083 (38.90) | 822 (29.50) | 0.717 |
Family history of hypertension, n (%) | 1168 (32.80) | 1380 (38.80) | 1011 (28.40) | 0.001 |
Family history of heart disease, n (%) | 1095 (33.00) | 1294 (39.00) | 929 (28.00) | 0.000 |
Sleep disorders, n (%) | 166 (35.90) | 172 (37.20) | 124 (26.80) | 0.054 |
Depression, n (%) | 307 (45.20) | 236 (34.80) | 136 (20.00) | 0.000 |
Shift work, n (%) | 520 (33.40) | 566 (36.30) | 472 (30.30) | 0.020 |
Chronotype, n (%) | ||||
 ‘Morning’ person | 301 (16.50) | 731 (40.10) | 791 (43.40) | 0.000 |
 ‘Morning’ > evening | 343 (14.40) | 996 (41.90) | 1039 (43.70) |  |
 Evening < morning | 1036 (54.60) | 712 (37.50) | 149 (7.90) |  |
 ‘Evening’ person | 447 (58.70) | 246 (32.30) | 69 (9.10) |  |
Sleep duration, hours | 6.75 (1.44) | 7.30 (1.02) | 7.58 (0.73) | 0.000 |
Insomnia, n (%) | ||||
 Never/rarely | 90 (5.20) | 481 (27.80) | 1162 (67.10) | 0.000 |
 Sometimes | 1053 (34.80) | 1388 (45.80) | 589 (19.40) |  |
 Usually | 984 (46.90) | 816 (38.90) | 297 (14.20) |  |
Excessive daytime sleepiness, n (%) | ||||
 Never/rarely | 1355 (28.40) | 1919 (40.30) | 1489 (31.30) | 0.000 |
 Sometimes | 561 (31.00) | 701 (38.80) | 546 (30.20) |  |
 Often | 211 (73.00) | 65 (22.50) | 13 (4.50) |  |
Snoring, n (%) | ||||
 Yes | 368 (12.00) | 1112 (36.20) | 1594 (51.90) | 0.000 |
 No | 1759 (46.50) | 1573 (41.50) | 454 (12.00) |  |