Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the three TIR subgroups in T1D patients
Variable | Overall (N = 85) | TIR-L (N = 21) | TIR-M (N = 50) | TIR-H (N = 14) | P-value (3 subgroup) | P-value (TIR-L vs. TIR-H) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (F/M) | 55/30 | 13/8 | 33/17 | 9/5 | 0.950 | 1.000 |
Age (y.o) | 35.00(18.00) | 30.00(25.50) | 36.00(14.00) | 35.50(32.75) | 0.323 | 0.152 |
Age at onset (y.o) | 27.96(19.64) | 25.71(26.71) | 26.48(19.81) | 33.24(27.77) | 0.056 | 0.043 |
Duration of T1D (years) | 6.60(10.61) | 8.85(9.45) | 8.22(12.33) | 3.40(5.23) | 0.009 | 0.024 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.16(3.65) | 21.20(5.17) | 21.10(4.34) | 21.37(3.50) | 0.584 | 0.602 |
SBP (mmHg) | 114.00(21.00) | 113.00(20.00) | 111.50(21.25) | 118.50(28.25) | 0.897 | 0.625 |
DBP (mmHg) | 70.00(15.50) | 70.00(12.50) | 70.00(18.00) | 68.00(12.25) | 0.713 | 0.354 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.63(1.14) | 4.47(1.47) | 4.67(1.26) | 4.69(0.77) | 0.874 | 0.893 |
TG (mmol/L) | 0.54(0.30) | 0.56(0.22) | 0.55(0.34) | 0.48(0.28) | 0.474 | 0.138 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.57(0.69) | 1.46(0.72) | 1.57(0.69) | 1.70(0.69) | 0.714 | 0.490 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.43(0.99) | 2.46(0.94) | 2.42(1.03) | 2.35(0.74) | 0.703 | 0.400 |
ALT (U/L) | 15.00(8.00) | 16.00(7.00) | 15.00(8.25) | 18.00(16.00) | 0.497 | 0.266 |
Cr (umol/L) | 59.70(16.00) | 59.00(13.50) | 61.50(17.75) | 57.00(13.85) | 0.459 | 0.555 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 167.19(61.69) | 176.12(84.90) | 159.23(65.21) | 168.92(49.61) | 0.500 | 0.459 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.40(1.75) | 9.00(1.70) | 7.15(1.20) | 6.80(1.40) |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 8.80(6.50) | 12.50(6.20) | 8.10(6.98) | 7.35(3.38) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
1 h-BG (mmol/L) | 16.60(8.25) | 19.70(5.80) | 16.50(10.00) | 13.80(4.93) | 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
2Â h-BG (mmol/L) | 19.50(9.95) | 23.40(8.60) | 19.15(10.63) | 16.25(10.35) | 0.011 | 0.006 |
FCP (ng/mL) | 0.00(0.29) | 0.00(0.20) | 0.00(0.15) | 0.34(0.46) | 0.015 | 0.025 |
Family history, N(%) | 28(32.9) | 7(33.3) | 17(34.0) | 4(28.6) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Diabetic complications, N(%) | 13(15.3) | 5(23.8) | 7(14.0) | 1(7.1) | 0.401 | 0.366 |
Smoke, N(%) | 10(11.8) | 5(23.8) | 4(8.0) | 1(7.1) | 0.189 | 0.366 |
Drinking alcohol, N(%) | 17(20.0) | 5(23.8) | 10(20.0) | 2(14.3) | 0.866 | 0.676 |
Regular exercise, N(%) | 17/8/60 | 5/3/13 | 9/2/39 | 3/3/8 | 0.185 | 0.894 |
Insulin pump, N(%) | 21(24.7) | 4(19.0) | 14(28.0) | 3(21.4) | 0.779 | 1.000 |
Daily Insulin dose (U/d) | 34.00(16.50) | 36.00(15.03) | 34.08(19.45) | 26.50(13.00) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Average daily Insulin dose (U/kg/d) | 0.59(0.23) | 0.63(0.21) | 0.58(0.24) | 0.50(0.24) | 0.016 | 0.016 |
Oral medications | ||||||
 AGI, N(%) | 16(18.8) | 4(19.0) | 8(16.0) | 4(28.6) | 0.587 | 0.685 |
 Metformin, N(%) | 20(23.5) | 7(33.3) | 10(20.0) | 3(21.4) | 0.459 | 0.704 |