Fig. 2

The peak intensity of the 16 potential biomarkers in T1D and subgroups and the pathway analysis of differentially abundant metabolites. The comparison of peak intensity of potential biomarkers in serum (A) and urine (B) was performed using a t test. The asterisk represents the P value, and one asterisk, two asterisks and three asterisks represent P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively. C–F Pathway analysis of serum and urine samples between T1D versus control and TIR-L versus TIR-H subgroups. Each bubble in the plot depicts a metabolic pathway, with size reflecting enrichment level. TIR, time in range; TIR-H, high TIR group; TIR-L, low TIR group; 4AD, 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate