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Table 2 Characteristics of the participants with and without IR-related features

From: Insulin resistance-related features are associated with cognitive decline: a cross-sectional study in adult patients with type 1 diabetes

Characteristics

With no IR-related features (n = 64)

With IR-related features (n = 53)

P value

Male (n, %)

26 (40.6%)

22 (41.5%)

1.000

Age (years)

27.5 (23.6, 33.1)

23.2 (19.6, 32.3)

0.087

Age at onset (years)

23.6 (18.1, 29.5)

17.6 (13.1, 25.4)

0.010

Duration of diabetes (years)

2.8 (1.4, 6.2)

5.3 (1.9, 10.0)

0.076

Preserved residual β-cell function (n, %)

36 (56.2%)

28 (52.8%)

0.855

HbA1c (%)

7.0 (6.3, 8.3)

7.6 (6.6, 9.3)

0.041

Hyperglycemia exposure score

-0.65 (-1.15, 0.41)

0.32 (-0.47, 1.25)

0.001

Daily insulin dose (u/kg/day)

0.54 (0.44, 0.66)

0.70 (0.52, 0.83)

< 0.001

History of DK/DKA (n, %)

49 (76.6%)

50 (94.3%)

0.017

Diabetic complications (n, %)

1 (1.6%)

10 (18.9%)

0.002

Hypoglycemia episodes of the previous month

2.0 (1.0, 5.0)

1.0 (0.0, 3.0)

0.004

Education (years)

15.0 (12.0, 16.0)

15.0 (12.0, 16.0)

0.115

BDI

5.0 (3.0, 12.0)

5.0 (2.0, 9.0)

0.257

STAI-S

36.0 (30.0, 43.0)

38.0 (29.5, 43.0)

0.567

STAI-T

35.0 (31.0, 43.0)

37.0 (32.0, 42.0)

0.919

Global cognitive performance

0.15 (-0.27, 0.45)

-0.11 (-0.73, 0.16)

0.008

WMS-RC

   

General memory

0.17 (-0.43, 0.57)

-0.12 (-0.71, 0.46)

0.070

Verbal memory-immediate

7.5 (6.1, 8.6)

7.0 (5.0, 8.9)

0.349

Verbal memory-delayed

6.0 (4.2, 8.0)

5.5 (3.4, 7.0)

0.099

Visual memory-immediate

11.0 (9.0, 12.0)

10.0 (8.0, 11.5)

0.034

Visual memory-delayed

10.0 (8.0, 11.0)

9.0 (8.0, 11.0)

0.392

WCST parameters

   

General executive function

0.18 (-0.34, 0.66)

-0.16 (-0.76, 0.29)

0.025

Total errors

49.0 (44.0, 53.0)

47.0 (40.0, 50.5)

0.054

Non-perseverative errors

47.0 (43.5, 55.0)

46.0 (41.0, 49.5)

0.108

Preservative errors

47.0 (40.5, 54.0)

45.0 (37.5, 49.0)

0.036

Completed categories

4.0 (3.0, 4.0)

3.0 (2.5, 4.0)

0.027

SART parameters

   

General sustained attention

0.21 (-0.40, 0.54)

-0.14 (-0.53, 0.40)

0.064

Omission error

0.01 (0.00, 0.02)

0.01 (0.01, 0.04)

0.205

Commission error

0.28 (0.16, 0.56)

0.48 (0.32, 0.68)

0.026

IIV

0.23 (0.18, 0.28)

0.26 (0.20, 0.32)

0.021

Reaction time (ms)

360.1 (315.4, 492.7)

359.9 (304.5, 409.5)

0.204

  1. Data are expressed as number (%) or median (25th-75th percentiles). An average z-score was calculated for each domain to capture general performance, with higher average z-score equals better performance. And the global cognitive performance was estimated by averaging the z-scores of all three domains. The p values for the comparisons of cognitive scores were adjusted for age, gender, educational level, depression and anxiety state. IR: insulin resistance; DK: diabetic ketosis; DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis; BDI: the Beck Depression Inventory; STAI-S: the State-trait Anxiety Inventory-State; STAI-T: the State-trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait; WMS-RC: the Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese Revision; WCST: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; SART: the Sustained Attention Response Task; IIV: intra-individual variability
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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