Author (Year)/Country | Study Design | Sample Size, n(Intervention/Control) | Age | Intervention (Type, Duration, Frequency) | Comparison | Management style | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alessandra et al. [20] (2022)/USA | RCT | I:50 C:50 | I: 72.3 ± 4.0 C:71.4 ± 3.7 | Type: CT Duration:60 min Frequency:3times/week for12 months | No external weight loss or exercise programs | Self-management: participants transitioned their regular exercises to community-fitness centers of their choice and homes | HbA1c, FBG, 2hPG |
Aifan Chen et al.[21] (2021)/ China | RCT | I:68 C:59 | I:72.29 ± 4.54 C:71.71 ± 6.08 | Type: AT Duration:30 ~ 60 min Frequency: ≥ 5 times/week for 12 months Intensity: Medium intensity | routine treatment | Self-management: Patients were exercising autonomously with exercise management and monitoring of blood glucose | FBG, SBP, DBP |
Xiaoli Wang et al. [22](2019)/ China | RCT | I:47 C:50 | I:61.76 ± 10.54 C:61.67 ± 10.51 | Type: Qigong、BaDuanJin Duration:30 min Frequency: ≥ 5 times/week for 12 months | Treatment with original medication without any prescribed exercise except for daily activities | Self-management: After the nursing staff first instructed the patient on exercise techniques, patients can exercise on their own and can adjust the intensity and frequency of exercise according to their actual condition | HbA1c, FBG, BMI |
Xueqin Lin et al.[23] (2017)/China | RCT | I:56 C:56 | I:58.8 ± 5.2 C:58.5 ± 5.3 | Type: AT Duration:30 min Frequency: 3 ~ 5 times/week for 3 months | routine treatment | Self-management: Patients were issued "self-management cards" on which they recorded the volume and type of exercise | HbA1c, FBG, 2hPG |
Suhua Yang et al.[24] (2016)/China | RCT | I:46 C:46 | I:50.2 ± 9.1 C:48.9 ± 10.8 | Type: AT Duration:30 ~ 60 min Frequency: 3 ~ 4 times/week for 12 months Intensity: Low/Medium intensity | routine treatment | Family management: The family members accompanied and supervised the patients to perform the exercise. They also recorded the time and frequency of the exercise | HbA1c, FBG, 2hPG |
Haibo Wen et al.[29] (2016)/China | RCT | I:47 C:47 | I:43 ~ 68 C:45 ~ 65 | Type: AT Duration:40 ~ 60 min Frequency: ≥ 3 times/week for 6 months | Individualized pharmaceutical treatment | Family management: Patients appointed a family member living with them as an exercise monitor who was responsible to monitor the patient's daily exercise and record the volume of exercise and adverse reactions | HbA1c, FBG, LDL, TC, SBP, DBP |
RC Plotnikoff et al.[25] (2010)/Canada | RCT | I:27 C:21 | I: 55 ± 12 C: 54 ± 12 | Type: RT Duration: Eight exercises were performed per session, of which, four were core exercises and four were complementary assistance exercises Frequency: 3 times/week for 16 weeks | Without any intervention | Self-management: Patients performed exercises on their own after instruction by exercise specialists and kept training logs | HbA1c, FBG, BMI, LDL, TC, HDL |
J.-F.Brun et al.[26] (2008)/France | RCT | I:13 C:12 | I:58.9 ± 3.6 C:60.6 ± 1.8 | Type: AT Duration:45 min Frequency: Twice a week for 12 months | routine treatment | Self-management: Patients exercised at home and had to keep track of all their activity in a notebook | HbA1c, FBG, BMI, LDL, TC, HDL, SBP, DBP |
Julie Ménard et al. [28](2005)/Canada | RCT | I:34 C:35 | I:53.7 ± 7.5 C:55.9 ± 8.6 | Type: CT Duration:45 ~ 55 min Frequency: 3 ~ 5 times/week for 12 months Intensity:50% ~ 80% HRmax | routine treatment | Self-management: Subjects performed the individualized home-based physical exercise program | HbA1c, FBG, BMI, LDL, TC, SBP, DBP |
A.J.Van Rooijen et al. [27](2004)/South Africa | RCT | I:75 C:74 | I: 40 ~ 65 C:40 ~ 65 | Type: Walking Duration: 5 min/session, increasing by 10 min every two weeks, up to 45 min/day Frequency: ≥ 5 times/week for 12 weeks | relaxation exercise | Self-management: Subjects performed home-based exercises and were instructed to keep a daily record of the time they spent on each of the activities in the diary | HbA1c, BMI, SBP, DBP |