Fig. 2

Reduced inflammatory phenotype in pio-treated diabetic BBDZR/Wor rats. Splenocytes from all four groups were cultured for 6 h ex vivo in the presence of Phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA) at a concentration of 100 ng/mL. Golgi Plug was added for the last 4 h of treatment to inhibit protein transport. Cells were harvested and analyzed for different cytokines. Gates were established by using respective anti-cytokine isotype control. Upper panels are representative from n = 3 and lower panels (bar graphs) represent % ± SD. a Results for CD3⁺TNF-α-producers (^# p < 0.005, p < 0.05); b CD3⁺IL-1β-producers (* p < 0.05); and c CD3⁺IL-4 and total IL-4 producers (^# p < 0.0005, *p < 0.005, ^¶ p < 0.05)