Table 2 Clinical and laboratory data according to insulin regimen
| Â | Intermediate human insulin | Long acting plus short acting or regular | *CS II | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Monotherapy | Plus regular | Plus short acting | Â | Â | Â |
| Â | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Â |
Demographic and economic status data | ||||||
n | 249 | 1475 | 627 | 573 | 37 | Â |
Gender F (%) | 135 (54.4) | 828 (56.2) | 371 (59.2) | 532 (57.9) | 25 (67.6) | 0.4 |
Level of care (tertiary) | 138 (55.2) | 1020 (69.2) | 570 (90.9) | 444 (77.5) | 30 (81.1) | < 0.001 |
Clinical visits in the previous year | 3.8 ± 1.6 | 4.1 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 1.5 | 4.5 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Age, y | 26.5 ± 14.5 | 21.2 ± 10.9 | 19.3 ± 11.5 | 21.7 ± 12.4 | 22.7 ± 9.9 | 0.001 |
Duration of DM ,y | 10.6 ± 9.8 | 9.3 ± 7.5 | 9.6 ± 8.2 | 10.8 ± 8.5 | 12.3 ± 7.0 | 0.001 |
Age at diagnosis, y | 15.8 ± 9.6 | 11.7 ± 7.7 | 9.6 ± 7.5 | 10.9 ± 7.7 | 10.4 ± 7.3 | < 0.001 |
Ethinicity, y(%)** | < 0.001 | |||||
Caucasian | 113 (45) | 754 (51.1) | 448 (71.5) | 414 (72.3) | 29 (78.4) | Â |
Non caucasian | 136 (54.4) | 720 (48.9) | 179 (28.5) | 159 (27.7) | 8 (21.6) | Â |
Economic status (%)** | ||||||
High | 13 (5.5) | 66 (4.5) | 42 (7.0) | 85 (15.5) | 5 (14.3) | Â |
Medium | 30 (12.8) | 265 (18.3) | 192 (32.2) | 169 (30.8) | 19 (54.3) | Â |
Low | 68 (28.9) | 515 (35.6) | 214 (35.9) | 180 (32.8) | 11(31.1) | Â |
Very low | 125 (52.8) | 601 (41.6) | 148 (24.8) | 115 (20.9) | 0 | Â |
Glycemic control and insulin dose | ||||||
A1c (%) | 9.2 ± 2.5 | 9.5 ± 2.4 | 9.2 ± 2.3 | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 8.3 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
A1c (mmol/mol) | 77.1 ± 27.4 | 81.0 ± 26.9 | 77.0 ± 25.3 | 72.8 ± 22.4 | 67.7 ± 17.6 | <0.001 |
A1c (good) n(%) | 58 (23.4) | 219 (14.9) | 118 (18.8) | 123(21.5) | 9(24.3) | <0.001 |
A1c (poor) n (%) | 114 (46.0) | 795 (54) | 281 (44.8) | 209 (36.5) | 9 (24.3) | <0.001 |
SMBG/daily | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 1.5 | 5.2 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Insulin dose(U/Kg/day) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.001 |
Bolus (%) | _ | 21.8 ± 11.6 | 24.5 ± 12.7 | 33.2 ± 13.9 | _ | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||
sBP (mmHg) | 113.8 ± 18.8 | 110.6 ± 17.3 | 110.4 ± 15.9 | 110.9 ± 16.9 | 116.0 ± 15.3 | 0.2 |
dBP (mmHg) | 73.5 ± 11.9 | 71.0 ± 11.5 | 69.8 ± 10.9 | 71.2 ± 11.4 | 72.4 ± 9.1 | 0.09 |
Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 171.0 ± 43.9 | 172.7 ± 43.5 | 165.2 ± 33.9 | 167.1 ± 37.8 | 176.8 ± 53.6 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 102.7 ± 90.4 | 99.1 ± 79.8 | 78.6 ± 44.5 | 84.1 ± 55.6 | 81.2 ± 58.7 | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 49.8 ± 12.1 | 51.7 ± 4.5 | 54.6 ± 13.9 | 55.6 ± 15.8 | 63.9 ± 25.3 | < 0.001 |
Non HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 121.7 ± 43.1 | 121.0 ± 41.6 | 110.5 ± 31.5 | 112.3 ± 34.1 | 112.7 ± 40.4 | < 0.001 |
LDL-Cholesterol | 102.1 ± 35.7 | 102.3 ± 34.0 | 95.3 ± 28.0 | 95.9 ± 30.1 | 96.6 ± 32.6 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.8 ± 4.9 | 22.0 ± 4.3 | 21.5 ± 4.1 | 21.4 ± 3.8 | 22.6 ± 3.6 | 0.02 |
Overweight or obese n(%) | 71(28.5) | 481 (32.8) | 220 (35.1) | 164(28.7) | 13 (35.1) | 0.2 |
Acute and chronic complications | ||||||
Severe hypoglycemic, yes (%) | 15 (13.3) | 157 (18.3) | 61 (13.4) | 81 (19.4) | 3 (8.8) | <0.02 |
Hospitalizations****,yes (%) | 41 (16.5) | 226 (15.3) | 65 (10.4) | 66 (11.5) | 2 (5.4) | 0.004 |
Microvascular complications, yes (%) | 55 (33.7) | 259 (26.0) | 100 (22.6) | 138 (33.5) | 14 (43.8) | <0.001 |