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Table 5 Association between cardiovascular risk factor in parents and the presence of metabolic syndrome in their offspring in Framingham Heart Study (N = 1193)

From: Parent-offspring association of metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Heart Study

Risk factors

Metabolic syndrome

Female offspring N = 628

Male offspring N = 565

  

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Mother

Elevated BPb

Unadjusted

2.04 (1.16-3.58)

0.01

1.77 (1.01-3.11)

0.04

 

Adjusteda

1.42 (0.71-2.8)

0.32

1.28 (0.67-2.45)

0.46

Impaired BGc

Unadjusted

3.15 (1.61-6.17)

0.001

0.801 (0.37-1.7)

0.57

 

Adjusteda

2.03 (1.02- 9.31)

0.04

0.40 (0.18-1.22)

0.12

Obesityd

Unadjusted

1.81 (1.19-2.74)

0.005

1.596 (1.02-2.5)

0.04

 

Adjusteda

1.58 (0.98-2.56)

0.06

1.41 (0.83-2.39)

0.20

Raised total-Ce

Unadjusted

1.15 (0.79-1.67)

0.475

1.49 (1.00-2.22)

0.05

 

Adjusteda

1.12 (0.72-1.80)

0.38

1.60 (0.99-2.58)

0.05

Low HDL-Cf

Unadjusted

2.05 (1.40-3.00)

0.000

1.39 (0.89-1.95)

0.15

 

Adjusteda

2.01 (1.36-3.32)

0.001

1.47 (0.93-2.36)

0.09

Father

Elevated BP

Unadjusted

1.21 (0.54-2.74)

0.64

1.37 (0.64-2.90)

0.41

 

Adjusteda

0.88 (0.32-1.84)

0.48

1.62 (0.65-4.00)

0.24

Impaired BG

Unadjusted

3.35 (1.60-7.02)

0.001

1.36 (0.60-2.66)

0.53

 

Adjusteda

4.91 (1.77-11.67)

0.001

1.38 (0.56-3.36)

0.48

Obesity

Unadjusted

1.29 (0.73-2.28)

0.39

1.08 (0.61-1.92)

0.79

 

Adjusteda

1.81 (0.87-3.6)

0.12

1.31 ( 0.67-2.67)

0.4

Raised total-C

Unadjusted

1.33 (0.81-2..21)

0.26

0.93 (0.56-1.54)

0.78

 

Adjusteda

1.42 (0.79-2.68)

0.22

0.83 (0.45-1.52)

0.54

Low HDL-C

Unadjusted

1.53 (0.84-2.77)

0.16

1.43 (0.81-2.42)

0.22

 

Adjusteda

1.48 (0.73-2.98)

0.27

1.45 (0.77-2.74)

0.24

  1. BP: Blood pressure, BG: Blood glucose, Total-C: Total Cholesterol, HDL-C: HDL cholesterol.
  2. aThe multivariate models are adjusted for age, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity score.
  3. bBlood pressure ≥ 130 mm Hg systolic or ≥ 85 mm Hg diastolic or on drug treatment.
  4. crandom blood glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/l or if they used insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents.
  5. dbody mass index ≥ 30.
  6. etotal cholesterol level ≥ 6.20 mmol/l and/or use of cholesterol-lowering medications.
  7. fHDL cholesterol levels (<1.03 mmol/l for men and < 1.3 mmol/l in women or on drug treatment.