Effects of diet and exercise interventions on diabetes risk factors in adults without diabetes: meta-analyses of controlled trials

Appuhamy, J A D Ranga Niroshan; Kebreab, Ermias; Simon, Mitchell; Yada, Rickey; Milligan, Larry P; France, James

doi:10.1186/1758-5996-6-127

Table 2 Summary description of the diet plus exercise intervention studies included in the analyses

From: Effects of diet and exercise interventions on diabetes risk factors in adults without diabetes: meta-analyses of controlled trials

Study	Authors and year	Country	Age¹	Women²	IGT/IR/MetS³	BMI⁴	Diet intervention guidelines⁵	Exercise intervention guidelines⁵
1	Straznicky et al. 2012 [20]	Australia	55	0.41	MS	32.7	~650 kcal/d restriction, 22% protein, 30% TF, 9% SF	aerobic (biking), 40 min/S, 3–4 S/wk
2	Blumenthal et al. 2010 [21]	USA	52	0.69	NA	33.3	~500 kcal/d restriction, 27% TF	aerobic (biking and walking), 40 min/S, 3–4 S/wk
3	Ibanez et al. 2010 [22]	Spain	50	1.00	NA	35.0	500 kcal/d restriction	resistance training, 45–60 min/S, 2 S/wk
4	Straznicky et al. 2010 [23]	Australia	55	0.41	MS	32.4	~500 kcal/d restriction, 30% TF, 9% SF	aerobic (biking), 40 min/S, 3 S/wk
5	Roumen et al. 2008 [24]	Netherlands	56	0.45	IGT	29.4	reduced caloric and reduced fat diet	aerobic plus resistant training, 30 min/S, 5 S/wk
6	Herder et al. 2009 [25]	Finland	56	0.50	IGT	31.2	<30% TF, <10% SF	endurance training, >30 min/S, ~6 S/wk
7	Mosca et al. 2008 [26]	USA	48	0.66	NA	28.1	low-SF and low-cholesterol diet	moderate physical activity (brisk walking), 30–60 min/S
8	Morgan et al. 2009 [27]	UK	41	0.74	NA	31.6	Rosemary Conley's controlled-calorie low-fat diet	Rosemary Conley's Fitness plan with weekly classes
9	Dale et al. 2009 [28]	New Zealand	46	0.67	IR	34.6	400 kcal/d restriction, 27% TF, 9% SF	high intensity training, 30 min/S, 5 S/wk
10	Meckling and Sherfey, 2007 [29]	Canada	43	1.00	NA	29.9	500 kcal/d restriction, high protein (37%) diet	endurance training, 36 min/S, 3 S/wk
11	Burke et al. 2007 [30]	Australia	56	0.56	NA	30.1	<30% TF, <10% SF	moderate intensity, 30 min/S, most days/wk
12	Bo et al. 2007 [31]	Italy	56	0.58	MS	30.0	reduced TF and SF intake	moderate intensity (i. e. brisk walking), ~150 min/wk
13	Arciero et al. 2006 [32]	USA	43	0.48	NA	27.8	high protein (40%) and low fat (20%) diet	resistance and cardiovascular training, 20 min/S, 4–6 S/wk
14	Brekke et al. 2005 [33]	Sweden	42	0.37	NA	26.1	<30% TF intake, <10% SF intake	walking or more intensive exercise, 30 min/S, 4–5 S/wk
15	Watkins et al. 2003 [34]	USA	50	0.50	NA	33.7	500 kcal/d restriction, <20% TF	cycle ergometry and jogging, or walking, ~60 min/S, 3–4 S/wk
16	Lindstrom et al. 2003 [35]	Finland	55	0.66	IGT	31.3	200 kcal/d restriction, <30% TF, <10% SF	endurance exercise & resistance training, >30 min/S
17	Esposito et al. 2003 [36]	Italy	35	1.00	NA	34.5	1400 kcal/d, 55% carbohydrate, 30% TF, <10% SF	aerobic exercise (walking and swimming)
18	Mensink et al. 2003 [37]	Netherlands	56	0.43	IGT	29.5	>55% carbohydrate, <30% TF, <10% SF	moderate physical activity, >30 min/S, 5 S/wk
19	McAuley et al. 2002 [38]	New Zealand	46	0.71	IR	34.5	400 kcal/d restriction, 27% TF, 9% SF	Moderate exercise plus resistance training, >20 min/S, 5 S/wk
20	Miller et al. 2002 [39]	USA	54	0.62	NA	33.7	500 kcal/d restriction, 27% TF, 6% SF	aerobic (brisk walking and biking), 30–45 min/S, 3 S/wk
21	Reseland et al. 2001 [40]	Norway	45	0.00	MS	27.5	400 kcal/d restriction, <30% TF	endurance exercise, 1 h/S, 3 S/wk
22	Oldroyd et al. 2001 [41]	UK	58	0.40	IGT	30.2	<30% TF intake, ~50% carbohydrate	aerobic exercise, 20–30 min/S, 2–3 S/wk
23	Kuller et al. 2001 [42]	USA	47	1.00	NA	25.0	Calorie restriction upto 1300 kcal, 25% TF, 7% SF	increasing physical activity to 1250 kcal expended weekly
24	Ornish et al. 1998 [43]	USA	60	0.09	NA	26.9	10%-fat vegetarian diet	moderate-intensity aerobic, 1 h/S, 5 S/wk
25	Stefanick et al. 1998 (female) [16]	USA	57	1.00	NA	25.6	<30% TF intake, <7% SF intake	aerobic (jogging and brisk walking), 60 min/S, 3 S/wk
26	Stefanick et al. 1998 (male) [16]	USA	48	1.00	NA	27.8	<30% TF intake, <7% SF intake	aerobic (jogging and brisk walking), 60 min/S, 3 S/wk
27	Wing et al. 1998 [44]	USA	46	0.78	NA	36.0	600-700 kcal/d restriction, 20% TF intake	aerobic (brisk walking), 60 min/S, 5 S/wk
28	Simkin-Silverman et al. 1995 [45]	UK	47	1.00	NA	25.1	<25% TF intake, <7% SF intake	brisk walking spending 1000 kcal/wk, 3–5 S/wk
29	Hellenius et al. 1993 [46]	Sweden	46	0.00	NA	25.6	12% daily calorie and 10% TF restriction	aerobic exercise, 30–45 min/S, 2–3 S/wk
30	Svendsen et al. 1993 [47]	Denmark	54	1.00	NA	29.7	800 kcal/d restriction, low fat (25%) diet	aerobic plus resistant training, 75 min/S, 3 S/wk
31	Page et al. 1993 [48]	UK	40	0.23	IGT	25.9	50-55% carbohydrate, 30% TF, high fiber	aerobic weight and circuit training, swimming, >3 S/wk
32	Schuler et al. 1992 [49]	Germany	54	0.00	NA	26.6	<20% TF, 65% carbohydrate, PUSF: SF ratio >1.0	daily exercise (75% MHR), >30 min/S
33	Wood et al. 1991 (male) [17]	USA	38	0.00	NA	33.5	55% carbohydrate, 30% TF, <10% SF	aerobic (brisk walking and jogging), 35 min/S, 3 S/wk
34	Wood et al. 1991 (female) [17]	USA	38	1.00	NA	26.3	55% carbohydrate, 30% TF, <10% SF	aerobic (brisk walking and jogging), 35 min/S, 3 S/wk

¹Average age of participants at baseline (years), ²fraction of women participants, ³whether participants had abnormalities such as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) or no abnormalities (NA), ⁴average BMI of participants at baseline (kg/m²), ⁵TF = Total fat (% of energy), SF = Saturated fat (% of energy), and S = exercise session.

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