Table 5 Changes in clinical and biological characteristics among the studied groups undergoing 12 week exercise program

Weight (kg)

50.2 ± 3.7

49.6 ± 3.7

62.6 ± 4.1

60.2 ± 4.3*

67.1 ± 6.3

60.9 ± 2.8*

BMI (kg/m²)

17.2 ± 2.5

16.8 ± 2.8

27.01 ± 3.9

24.8 ± 3.1*

29.4 ± 4.8

24.2 ± 2.2*

Waist circumference

62.7 ± 6.6

61.6 ± 5.9

77.3 ± 5.2

76.2 ± 5.6

83.25 ± 2.8

77.6 ± 5.2*

Waist-hip ratio

0.83 ± 0.06

0.80 ± 0.08

0.85 ± 0.06

0.83 ± 0.06

0.88 ± 0.05

0.85 ± 0.06

Systolic BP (mmHg)

109.4 ± 6.9

109.7 ± 7.1

117.5 ± 6.8

116.4 ± 7.2

121.7 ± 7.8

117.5 ± 6.9

diastolic BP (mmHg)

71.8 ± 6.3

71.6 ± 5.8

75.5 ± 8.3

72.2 ± 8.2

80.4 ± 4.5

77.1 ± 8.9

Total cholesterol (mg/dL))

145.2 ± 13.6

139.3 ± 15.1

178.5 ± 16.8

154.8 ± 20.7*

177.7 ± 21.9

166.3 ± 9.9

LDL ± C (mg/dL)

92.6 ± 14.5

91.7 ± 14.9

107 ± 10.2

99.4 ± 15.4*

107.5 ± 12.1

103.8 ± 15.7

HDL-C (mg/dL)

50.5 ± 6.5

51.9 ±5.4

45.8 ± 5.9

49.3 ±6.5*

32 ±2.7

43.4 ±6.2*

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

85 (72–123)

85 (72–112)

95.5 (76–135)

95.4 (76–124)

118.5 (110–150)

103.5 (89–135)*

Glucose (mg/dL)

84.1 ± 5.2

83.3 ± 5.6

84.9 ± 5.7

84.6 ± 5.5

105.5 ± 11.04

91.7 ± 10.8*

Insulin ( IU/mL)

14.4 ± 4.9

13.9 ± 4.9

14.4 ± 3.9

14.2 ± 4.6

19.3 ± 4.4

13.6 ± 4.01*

HOMA-IR

2.4 ± 0.6

2.4 ± 0.5

2.7 ± 0.9

2.5 ± 0.7

3.3 ± 0.88

2.7 ± 0.9

CRP (mg/L)

0.2( 0.01-1.5)

0.2 (0.01-1.5)

1.25( 0.01-2.6)

0.22(0.01-2.1)*

2.1 (1.2-3.1)

1.2 (0.04-2.25)*

Serum leptin (ng/mL)

4.5 (0.6-12.4)

3.8 (0.6-7.5)

9.4 (0.6-36.5)

5.7(0.6-16.9)*

15.2 (8.3-21.8)

6.1 (0.6-21.5)