Author | Year | Design | Location | Specimen | Population | DM type | Special population | N total | Age | % Male | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anik et al. | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Serum | Children with T1DM and age-, gender-, and pubertal stage distribution-matched healthy children | T1DM | No | 128 | 12.0 ± 3.7 | 47.6 | Serum levels of endocan were higher in T1DM children than in healthy ones (P < 0.01) and there was a significant positive correlation between endocan and serum HbA1c (r = 0.296, P = 0.01). |
Arman et al. | 2015 | Prospective cohort | Turkey | Serum | Patients diagnosed with T2DM and healthy controls | T2DM | No | 83 | 55.4 ± 10.2 | 42.2 | Serum endocan was significantly higher in patients with T2DM than in healthy controls (1.56 ± 0.99 ng/ml vs. 0.72 ± 0.1 ng/ml, P < 0.001). After 3 months of treatment, there was a significant reduction in HbA1c (10.7 ± 2.28% vs. 7.57 ± 1.17%, P < 0.0001) and endocan levels (1.55 ± 0.99 ng/ml vs. 1.07 ± 0.71 ng/ml, P < 0.0001). However, endocan levels were still higher than healthy controls (1.07 ± 0.71 ng/ml vs. 0.72 ± 0.1 ng/ml, P < 0.001). |
Arman et al. | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Serum | Patients with diabetes and healthy participants | Pre-DM | No | 84 | 48.8 ± 9.1 | 31.0 | Endocan was lower in prediabetes patients than in healthy patients (P = 0.042) and there was a negative correlation between fasting insulin and levels of endocan (r=-0.320, P = 0.001). |
Balamir et al. | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Serum | Patients in the 18 to 65 age groups under constant follow-up in a clinic with T2DM diagnosis and healthy controls | T2DM | No | 176 | 54.3 ± 9.9 | 35.8 | Median serum endocan was higher in T2DM patients and endothelial damage than those in T2DM patients without endothelial damage (475.15 pg/ml vs. 216.37 pg/ml, P < 0.001, respectively). |
Bilir et al. | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Serum | Diabetic patients with or without DPN and healthy controls | T2DM | No | 152 | 57.7 ± 8.4 | 46.7 | Diabetic patients (with or without DPN) had higher endocan than healthy controls (P < 0.001). Endocan levels were found to be significantly higher in diabetic patients with DPN than those without DPN (P = 0.001). When grouping patients according to treatment, those who received insulin had higher endocan levels than those who received oral antidiabetic medications (P = 0.004). |
Bingol et al. | 2016 | Prospective cohort | Turkey | Serum | Subjects with suspicion of OSA | DM | OSA | 63 | 49.6 ± 9.5 | 52.4 | Serum levels of endocan seem to be higher in OSA patients with diabetes than those without it, but the difference is not significant (1.48 ± 0.86 vs. 1.19 ± 0.3 ng/ml, P = 0.489). |
Bozkurt et al. | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Serum | Patients with DM who were admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology and control patients without any systemic disease | T2DM | No | 100 | 61.9 ± 8.3 | 50.0 | Serum endocan levels increase with the stage of diabetic retinopathy and it was found to be an independent predictor showing the stage. |
Celik et al. | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Plasma | Patients who underwent Phacoemulsification surgery in an ophthalmology clinic and controls without any medical problems | T2DM | No | 120 | 71.2 ± 5.2 | 54.2 | Blood endocan was higher in patients with DM and cataracts, DRP and cataracts, and patients with cataracts than in healthy individuals. |
Chang et al. | 2021 | Prospective cohort | Taiwan | Plasma | Patients with T2DM and regular visitors of the outpatient department of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism | DM | No | 312 | 62.3 ± 11.9 | 68.0 | It was found that plasma endocan levels were not related to the occurrence of renal events in patients with diabetes. |
Chen et al. | 2022 | Cross-sectional | China | Serum | Patients with DKD | DM | DKD | 183 | 58.0 ± 8.5 | 68.3 | Serum endocan levels were negatively correlated with HbA1c (r = -0.21, P < 0.01) and estimated GFR (r = -0.206, P < 0.01) and positively correlated with 24 h urine protein (r = 0.219, P < 0.01). |
Cikrikcioglu et al. | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Serum | Patients with T2DM attending to an internal medicine outpatient clinic | T2DM | No | 137 | 56.4 ± 8.4 | 30.6 | Serum endocan levels were negatively correlated with the urine albumin-creatinine ratio (r = 0.282, P = 0.001). Patients with or without retinopathy and with or without neuropathy were comparable in terms of serum endocan levels. There was no correlation between serum endocan and diabetes duration, BMI, eGFR, HbA1c, and fasting glucose. |
Dallio et al. | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Italy | Serum | Consecutive NAFLD patients with or without T2DM and healthy subjects | DM | NAFLD | 81 | 56.6 ± 11.2 | 53.0 | In patients with NAFLD, diabetic patients had significantly higher endocan compared to non-diabetic ones (1.56 ± 0.81 ng/ml vs. 0.72 ± 0.58 ng/ml, P = 0.001). |
Ekiz-Bilir et al. | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Serum | Diabetic patients admitted to hospital and healthy controls who were admitted to internal medicine out-patient clinics for a routine medical assessment | T2DM | No | 131 | 56.1 ± 7.8 | 53.4 | Serum endocan levels were higher in diabetic patients with nephropathy than those with normoalbuminuria (P = 0.011) and both groups had higher serum endocan levels compared with healthy individuals (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). |
Elkamshoushi et al. | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Egypt | Serum | Patients with ED who were recruited from Andrology Outpatient Clinic and healthy controls | T2DM | ED | 45 | 41.8 ± 4.8 | 100 | Serum endocan levels in ED patients with DM were significantly higher than patients without DM (P = 0.013) and both groups showed significantly higher levels than healthy individuals (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). |
Kim et al. | 2020 | Prospective cohort | Korea | Plasma | Patients with ESRD on hemodialysis | DM | ESRD | 354 | 62.1 ± 12.7 | NR | In patients with ESRD, patients with lower endocan levels had a higher rate of DM (64.6%) compared to the higher endocan group (47.2%) (P = 0.001). |
Klisic et al. | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Montenegro | Serum | Patients with prediabetes and T2DM patients, compared with healthy controls | T2DM | No | 278 | 61.5 ± 3.2 | 39.2 | T2DM patients had significantly higher endocan compared to healthy individuals and there was no significant difference between T2DM and prediabetic patients. It was found that a rise in endocan levels by one level increases the probability of a higher HbA1c by three times (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.84 to 7.01, P < 0.001). |
Klisic et al. (2) | 2020 | Case-control | Montenegro | Serum | Patients with T2DM and diabetes-free participants | T2DM | No | 106 | 61.8 ± 10.0 | 44.3 | Serum endocan levels were higher in diabetic patients in comparison to healthy individuals (P = 0.005). |
Kose et al. | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Serum | Patients who were diagnosed as having ACS, control group (age- and sex-matched) | DM | ACS | 83 | 56.0 ± 10.6 | 78.3 | Endocan levels were higher in diabetic patients with ACS than non-diabetic patients with ACS (1.02 ± 0.33 ng/ml vs. 0.81 ± 0.21 ng/ml, P = 0.016). Both groups showed a significant difference compared with controls (0.86 ± 0.25 ng/ml vs. 0.75 ± 0.13 ng/ml, P = 0.014). |
Kosir et al. | 2019 | Prospective cohort | Slovenia | Plasma | Consecutive chronic HF patients | DM | HF | 120 | 71.0 ± 11.0 | 64.0 | Plasma endocan levels had no significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic heart failure patients (P > 0.05). |
Lv et al. | 2017 | Cross-sectional | China | Serum | Patients with T2DM and gender-matched and age-matched healthy subjects | T2DM | No | 97 | 50.3 ± 9.8 | 58.6 | Endocan was significantly higher in diabetic patients with subclinical atherosclerosis than diabetic patients than healthy controls (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). |
Moin et al. | 2022 | Case-control | Bahrain | Plasma | Subjects with T2DM and nondiabetic control Caucasian subjects, all aged 40–70 years | T2DM | No | 46 | 62.0 ± 9.0 | 50.0 | Plasma endocan levels were lower in T2DM patients than healthy controls (P < 0.05). |
Qiu et al. | 2016 | Cross-sectional | China | Serum | Patients with T2DM and normotensive control participants | T2DM | No | 105 | 63.1 ± 10.0 | 55.2 | Endocan peripheral levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients with STEMI than T2DM without STEMI and it was significantly higher in both groups compared with controls. |
Singh et al. | 2022 | Prospective cohort | India | Serum | Diabetic patients with dengue fever and non-diabetic patients with dengue fever | DM | Dengue fever | 40 | 56.5 ± 3.0 | NR | Endocan circulatory levels were significantly higher in dengue fever and diabetes than those with dengue fever without diabetes (P < 0.0001). |
Zuwala-Jagiello et al. | 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Poland | Serum | Patients treated for liver cirrhosis and control serum samples were collected from age- and gender-matched healthy subjects in whom liver diseases were ruled out | T2DM | Cirrhosis | 330 | NR | 54.2 | Serum concentrations of endocan were significantly higher in cirrhosis patients compared with healthy individuals (P < 0.001) and cirrhotic patients with diabetes had higher endocan blood levels than cirrhotic non-diabetic patients (P < 0.01). |