Fig. 1

Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways under normal conditions. Abbreviations: APC, adenomatous polyposis; AP-1, activator protein 1; B-TrCP, β-transducin repeat-containing protein; CK-1, casein kinase 1; CaMKII, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CDC42, cell division cycle 42; c-Jun, Jun proto-oncogene; DAAM1, dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 1; DVL, dishevelled; DKK-1, Dickkopf-1; DAG, 1,2 diacylglycerol; FZD, frizzled; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; IP3, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LRP5/6, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein5/6; LEF/TCF, lymphoid enhancer factor/T cell factor; NLK, Nemo-like kinase; NFATc, nuclear factor-activated T cell; Norrin, Norrie Disease gene product; P, phosphorylation; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C; RSPO, R-spondin proteins; RYK, receptor like tyrosine kinase; ROR1/2, receptor-tyrosine-kinase-like orphan receptor 1/2; Rac1, Rac family small GTPase 1; RhoA, Ras homolog family member A; ROCK, RHO-associated kinase; SOST, sclerostin; SFRPs, secreted frizzled-related proteins; TAK-1, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β -activated kinase 1; Ub, polyubiquitination; WIF1, Wnt inhibitory factor 1;