Empagliflozin ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via regulated branched-chain amino acid metabolism and mTOR/p-ULK1 signaling pathway-mediated autophagy

Table1 Cardiac structure and function data after 16 weeks of treatment in mice

	CTRL	DM	DM + EMPA	P
IVSd (mm)	0.96 ± 0.10	0.80 ± 0.13	0.86 ± 0.11	0.440
LVIDd (mm)	3.70 ± 0.57	4.06 ± 0.05	3.68 ± 0.43	0.339
LVPWd (mm)	0.97 ± 0.11	0.82 ± 0.17	0.88 ± 0.15	0.646
LVEDV (ml)	0.14 ± 0.05	0.17 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.04	0.313
LVESV (ml)	0.05 ± 0.03	0.1 ± 0.01*	0.06 ± 0.02^#	0.027
EF (%)	65.00 ± 9.90	37.60 ± 6.25**	52.20 ± 6.76^#	0.005
FS (%)	31.67 ± 7.04	15.40 ± 2.65**	22.60 ± 3.38^##	0.005
E/A	1.30 ± 0.14	5.07 ± 2.83	2.26 ± 1.01	0.068
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)	309.94 ± 32.37	816.38 ± 32.51**	490.49 ± 36.38^##	0.000
Hs-cTnT (pg/mL)	180.08 ± 7.53	297.41 ± 8.11**	228.68 ± 15.58^##	0.000

IVSd: interventricular septal width during end-diastole, LVIDd: Left ventricular internal systolic diameter, LVPWd: Left ventricular posterior wall thickness during diastole, LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume, EF: left ventricle ejection fraction, FS: left ventricle fractional shortening, E/A: the ratio between early (E)-to-late (A) diastolic mitral inflow. Data were expressed as the mean ± SEM
*P < 0.05 versus CTRL; **P < 0.01 versus CTRL; ^#P < 0.05 versus DM; ^##P < 0.01 versus DM

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