Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by risk category (GNRI score)

Demographic information

 Age

70.29 ± 0.13

69.48 ± 0.85

71.56 ± 0.48

70.19 ± 0.14

0.028

Gender

 < 0.001

 Female

2114 (48)

50 (53.7)

236 (61.0)

1828 (49.4)

 Male

2286 (52)

45 (46.3)

180 (39.0)

2061 (50.6)

Race/ethnicity

 < 0.001

 Non-Hispanic black

1026 (23.3)

35 (25.2)

146 (21.4)

845 (11.1)

 Mexican American

888 (20.2)

16 (6.6)

70 (6.4)

802 (6.4)

 Other

675 (15.3)

22 (21.7)

44 (7.9)

609 (10.8)

 Non-Hispanic white

1811 (41.2)

22 (46.5)

156 (64.4)

1633 (71.8)

BMI

31.31 ± 0.14

32.64 ± 1.37

32.75 ± 0.65

31.15 ± 0.14

0.022

Marital status

0.001

 Not married

1968 (44.7)

50 (54.9)

228 (50.1)

1690 (40.1)

 Married

2432 (55.3)

45 (45.1)

188 (49.9)

2199 (59.9)

Education

0.085

 Less than 9th grade

1108 (25.2)

26 (24.9)

101 (15.5)

981 (14.4)

 Higher than 9th grade or 9th grade

3292 (74.8)

69 (75.1)

315 (84.5)

2908 (85.6)

Alcohol consumption

0.002

 Mild

1234 (28)

16 (22.8)

93 (25.7)

1125 (34.5)

 No

2594 (59)

65 (55.7)

278 (66.0)

2251 (53.4)

 Heavy

572 (13)

14 (21.4)

45 (8.3)

513 (12.1)

 Smoking

0.013

 No

3879 (88.2)

79 (78.8)

347 (84.5)

3453 (89.6)

 Yes

521 (11.8)

16 (21.2)

69 (15.5)

436 (10.4)

Chronic Diseases CVD

0.092

 No

2941 (66.8)

59 (63.1)

244 (59.3)

2638 (66.0)

 Yes

1459 (33.2)

36 (36.9)

172 (40.7)

1251 (34.0)

Hypertension

0.308

 No

804 (18.3)

14 (11.7)

76 (20.9)

714 (18.4)

 Yes

3596 (81.7)

81 (88.3)

340 (79.1)

3175 (81.6)

CKD

 < 0.001

 No

2258 (51.3)

27 (35.0)

158 (38.4)

2073 (54.8)

 Yes

2142 (48.7)

68 (65.0)

258 (61.6)

1816 (45.2)

Biospecimens

 Lymphocyte (10^⁹/L)

2.03 ± 0.02

1.72 ± 0.12

1.95 ± 0.06

2.04 ± 0.02

0.022

 Neutrophils (10^⁹/L)

4.57 ± 0.04

5.22 ± 0.32

4.95 ± 0.11

4.52 ± 0.04

 < 0.001

 Serum creatinine (umol/L)

93.00 ± 1.04

134.99 ± 14.33

101.27 ± 2.94

91.44 ± 0.98

 < 0.001

 Serum uric acid (umol/L)

352.08 ± 2.01

365.31 ± 14.83

359.14 ± 7.06

351.15 ± 2.10

0.401

 Triglyceride (mmol/L)

2.06 ± 0.03

1.69 ± 0.13

1.99 ± 0.09

2.08 ± 0.03

0.013

 Glucose (mmol/L)

8.18 ± 0.06

8.48 ± 0.45

8.50 ± 0.23

8.14 ± 0.07

0.282

 HbA1c (mmol/L)

6.91 ± 0.03

7.22 ± 0.21

7.34 ± 0.09

6.86 ± 0.03

 < 0.001

 Cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.77 ± 0.03

4.53 ± 0.15

4.71 ± 0.07

4.78 ± 0.03

0.134

 HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.28 ± 0.01

1.34 ± 0.05

1.30 ± 0.02

1.28 ± 0.01

0.435

 LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.55 ± 0.02

2.42 ± 0.10

2.49 ± 0.06

2.55 ± 0.02

0.264

 Serum albumin (g/L)

41.67 ± 0.07

31.77 ± 0.40

36.45 ± 0.08

42.36 ± 0.06

 < 0.001

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

70.43 ± 0.42

59.54 ± 3.83

65.10 ± 1.62

71.14 ± 0.41

 < 0.001

 GNRI

103.64 ± 0.10

87.99 ± 0.53

95.61 ± 0.10

104.70 ± 0.10

 < 0.001

 CRP (mg/dL)

0.46 ± 0.02

1.88 ± 0.35

0.94 ± 0.07

0.39 ± 0.01

 < 0.001

Drug use

Insulin use

 < 0.001

 No

3712 (84.4)

66 (73.9)

299 (69.8)

3347 (85.6)

 Yes

688 (15.6)

29 (26.1)

117 (30.2)

542 (14.4)

Hypoglycemic drugs use

0.274

 No

1906 (43.3)

47 (52.6)

186 (46.8)

1673 (42.6)

 Yes

2494 (56.7)

48 (47.4)

230 (53.2)

2216 (57.4)

Antihypertensive drugs use

0.445

 No

1021 (23.2)

18 (22.4)

76 (17.9)

927 (21.9)

 Yes

3379 (76.8)

77 (77.6)

340 (82.1)

2962 (78.1)

Antihyperlipidemic Agents use

0.042

 No

474 (10.8)

11 (13.6)

27 (4.0)

436 (8.5)

 Yes

3926 (89.2)

84 (86.4)

389 (96.0)

3453 (91.5)