Table 2 Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) of the Characteristics of the participants at the initial and the end of the intervention, the variation of the variables during the intervention, and comparison of the parameters between the groups after the intervention

Weight (kg)

85.40 ± 16.59

81.94 ± 16.81

0.417^b

82.69 ± 16.42

79.34 ± 16.81

0.503^b

− 2.71 ± 2.33

− 2.60 ± 2.56

0.774^b

 < 0.001^d

 < 0.001^d

SBP (mmHg)

123.86 ± 10.65

125.29 ± 12.48

0.787^b

124.71 ± 7.76

126.86 ± 6.68

0.251^b

 + 0.86 ± 11.08

 + 1.57 ± 12.41

0.674^b

0.755^d

0.459^c

DBP (mmHg)

80.71 ± 7.39

81.57 ± 8.38

0.755^b

81.11 ± 7.55

82 ± 11.13

0.990^b

 + 0.40 ± 10.25

 + 2.71 ± 2.33

0.901^b

0.819^d

0.961^d

FBS (mg/dL)

109.17 ± 6.90

108.73 ± 6.72

0.897^b

95.11 ± 10.55

96.17 ± 9.39

0.495^b

− 14.06 ± 10.18

-12.66 ± 10.42

0.764^b

 < 0.001^d

 < 0.001^d

HbA1C (%)

5.69 ± 0.88

5.58 ± 0.65

0.595^b

5.48 ± 0.85

5.28 ± 0.78

0.484^b

− 0.21 ± 0.82

− 0.29 ± 0.79

0.972^a

0.133^c

0.035^c

Insulin level (µIU/mL)

15.73 ± 11.03

13.67 ± 9.30

0.601^b

22.14 ± 26.20

22.35 ± 25.82

0.796^a

 + 6.41 ± 30.68

 + 8.68 ± 25.78

0.470^b

0.451^d

0.041^d

HOMA-IR

4.25 ± 3

3.64 ± 2.41

0.557^b

5.18 ± 6.24

5.34 ± 6.20

0.747^b

 + 0.92 ± 7.54

 + 1.71 ± 6.18

0.347^b

 > 0.999^d

0.235^d

TG (mg/dL)

146.31 ± 50.54

147.94 ± 40.82

0.773^a

117.40 ± 42.23

132.89 ± 83.69

0.597^b

− 28.91 ± 55

− 15.06 ± 95.71

0.972^b

0.004^c

0.004^c

LDL(mg/dL)

121.09 ± 37.71

117.29 ± 37.28

0.724^a

104.74 ± 30.14

102.49 ± 29.80

0.906^b

− 16.34 ± 34.51

− 14.80 ± 34.55

0.823^b

0.008^c

0.016^c

HDL(mg/dL)

45.54 ± 8.54

44.66 ± 6.49

0.846^b

49.26 ± 7.58

48.54 ± 6.63

0.846^b

 + 3.71 ± 7.39

 + 3.89 ± 7.08

0.948^b

0.005^d

0.001^d