Co-administration of exercise training and melatonin on the function of diabetic heart tissue: a systematic review and meta-analysis of rodent models

Table 3 Forest plot results of the effect of Mel on diabetic heart tissue

Outcome	Number of studies	Effect size and 95% interval			Test of null (2-Tail)				Heterogeneity
Outcome	Number of studies	Point estimate	Lower limit	Upper limit	Z-value	P-value	Q-value	df (Q)	P-value	I-squared
SOD	4	3.22	0.164	6.29	2.06	0.039	63.74	3	< 0.001	95.29
GSH	2	7.92	− 13.12	28.96	0.73	0.461	39.10	1	< 0.001	97.44
GPX	3	4.83	0.10	9.56	2.004	0.045	29.09	2	< 0.001	93.125
MDA	4	− 0.48	− 3.81	2.83	− 0.28	0.774	120.62	3	< 0.001	97.51
Caspase3	6	− 3.730	− 7.84	0.38	− 1.77	0.076	189.45	5	< 0.001	97.36
Plasma glucose	6	− 4.54	− 7.05	− 1.85	− 3.36	0.001	88.98	5	< 0.001	94.38
Bcl-2	4	3.64	− 0.70	8.00	1.64	0.101	108.68	3	< 0.001	97.24
Bax	3	− 2.20	− 9.19	4.78	− 0.61	0.536	124.53	2	< 0.001	98.39
Apoptosis index	4	− 8.61	− 11.94	− 5.28	− 5.06	< 0.001	21.58	3	< 0.001	86.10
Total cholesterol	4	− 5.44	− 8.19	− 2.70	− 3.88	< 0.001	22.27	3	< 0.001	86.53
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	4	− 6.60	− 11.05	− 2.15	− 2.90	0.004	57.03	3	< 0.001	94.74
HDL	4	5.97	0.70	11.24	2.22	0.026	77.28	3	< 0.001	96.11
VLDL	4	− 7.95	− 13.62	− 2.29	− .275	0.006	57.36	3	< 0.001	94.77
IL-6	3	− 5.46	− 14.02	3.09	− 1.25	0.211	61.33	2	< 0.001	96.73
TNF-a	3	− 11.57	− 21.92	− 1.22	− 2.19	0.028	31.51	2	< 0.001	93.65
IL-1β (ng/ml)	2	− 55.60	− 156.32	45.12	− 1.08	0.279	17.42	1	< 0.001	94.26
p53	2	− 10.32	− 13.28	− 7.37	− 6.84	< 0.001	1.57	1	0.210	36.36

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