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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the overall T2DM cohort by statin use status

From: Optimal statin use for prevention of sepsis in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Characteristic

Statin nonusers

Statin users

ASMD

N = 411,489

N = 400,931

N

%

N

%

Age (mean ± SD), y

56.22 ± 20.53

56.92 ± 29.24

 

Age, median (IQR), y

55.00 (46.00,67.00)

55.00 (47.00,66.00)

 

Age group, y

    

0.0010

  ≤ 50

143 677

34.92%

139 482

34.79

 

 51–60

110 405

26.83

107 862

26.90

 

 61–70

82 621

20.08

81 887

20.42

 

  ≥ 71

74 786

18.17

71 700

17.88

 

Sex

    

0.0030

 Female

192 076

46.68

188 342

46.98

 

 Male

219 413

53.32

212 589

53.02

 

Income levels (NTD)

    

0.0030

 1. Low income

6149

1.49

5892

1.47

 

 2. Financial dependent

126 994

30.86

124 418

31.03

 

 3.  ≤ 20 000

195 300

47.46

190 132

47.42

 

 4. 20 001–30 000

38 667

9.40

37 420

9.33

 

 5. 30 001–45 000

28 013

6.81

27 225

6.79

 

 6.  > 45 000

16 366

3.98

15 844

3.95

 

Urbanization

    

0.0023

 Rural

117 296

28.51

113 367

28.28

 

 Urban

294 193

71.49

287 564

71.72

 

Types of antidiabetic drugs used

    

0.0119

 Zero

147 800

35.92

146 233

36.47

 

 One type

102 976

25.03

100 092

24.96

 

 Combined two types

103 361

25.12

99 708

24.87

 

 Combined three types

41 629

10.12

39 869

9.94

 

  ≥ 4 types

15 723

3.82

15 029

3.75

 

Antidiabetic drugs

     

 Insulin

64 028

15.56

40 124

10.01

0.0555

 Metformin

174 582

42.43

174 257

43.46

0.0104

 SU

196 379

47.72

196 834

49.09

0.0137

 AGI

23 855

5.80

25 500

6.36

0.0056

 TZD

15 598

3.79

19 607

4.89

0.0110

 DPP4i

426

0.10

211

0.05

0.0005

 SGLT2i

2936

0.71

3221

0.80

0.0009

 Others

23 473

5.70

23 036

5.75

0.0004

Diabetic severity

     

 aDCSI score (mean ± SD)

0.96 ± 1.84

0.93 ± 1.84

0.0005

 Median (IQR, Q1, Q3)

0.00 (0.00,2.00)

0.00 (0.00,2.00)

 

aDCSI score

    

0.0082

 0

215 580

52.39

211 500

52.75

 

 1

87 406

21.24

84 917

21.18

 

 2

60 944

14.81

58 986

14.71

 

  ≥ 3

47 559

11.56

45 528

11.36

 

aDCSI

     

 Retinopathy

18 838

4.58

23 234

5.79

0.0122

 Nephropathy

48 316

11.74

45 488

11.35

0.0040

 Neuropathy

38 843

9.44

42 258

10.54

0.0110

 Cerebrovascular

43 085

10.47

38 698

9.65

0.0082

 Cardiovascular

105 371

25.61

101 720

25.37

0.0024

 Peripheral vascular disease

15 988

3.89

14 841

3.70

0.0018

 Metabolic

9617

2.34

6965

1.74

0.0060

Coexisting comorbidities related to the risk of sepsis

     

 Hypertension

192 670

46.82

185 003

46.14

0.0068

 Rheumatoid arthritis

12 485

3.03

11 888

2.97

0.0007

 Ankylosing spondylitis

6017

1.46

5804

1.45

0.0002

 Psoriasis

3055

0.74

2948

0.74

0.0001

 Psoriatic arthritis

248

0.06

305

0.08

0.0002

 Crohn’s disease

5860

1.42

5618

1.40

0.0002

 Ulcerative colitis

875

0.21

870

0.22

0.0000

 COPD

78 625

19.11

75 853

18.92

0.0019

 Chronic liver disease

93 080

22.62

90 668

22.61

0.0001

 Chronic kidney disease

8217

2.00

7731

1.93

0.0007

 Heart failure

22 872

5.56

21 821

5.44

0.0012

 Coronary artery disease

85 220

20.71

81 780

20.40

0.0031

 Stroke

49 549

12.04

47 196

11.77

0.0027

 Coagulopathy

677

0.16

644

0.16

0.0000

 Dementia

9045

2.20

7958

1.98

0.0021

 Psychosis

828

0.20

828

0.21

0.0001

 SLE

7212

1.75

7506

1.87

0.0012

 AIDS

132

0.03

137

0.03

0.0000

 Cancer

20 318

4.94

13 366

3.33

0.0160

Medication use related to the risk of sepsis

     

 Immunosuppressant

4 156

1.01

4 129

1.03

0.0001

 Systemic corticosteroid

6 008

1.46

5 894

1.47

0.0001

CCI scores

     

Mean (SD)

0.93 ± 1.82

0.94 ± 1.79

0.0001

Median (Q1-Q3)

0.00 (0.00,2.00)

0.00 (0.00,2.00)

 

CCI scores

    

0.0017

 0

225 531

54.81

220 422

54.98

 

  ≥ 1

185 958

45.19

180 509

45.02

 

Different classes of statins

 Lipophilic statins

  Atorvastatin

0

0.00

144 241

35.98

 

  Lovastatin

0

0.00

27 887

6.96

 

  Simvastatin

0

0.00

79 435

19.81

 

  Fluvastatin

0

0.00

37 210

9.28

 

  Pitavastatin

0

0.00

2950

0.74

 

  Hydrophilic statins

  Rosuvastatin

0

0.00

78 611

19.61

 

  Pravastatin

0

0.00

30 597

7.63

 

 Cumulative dose of statins (cDDD per year)

  Q1

0

0.00

116 915

29.16

 

  Q2

0

0.00

109 402

27.29

 

  Q3

0

0.00

95 381

23.79

 

  Q4

0

0.00

79 233

19.76

 

 DDD

   ≤ 1

0

0.00

354 124

88.33

 

   > 1

0

0.00

46 807

11.67

 
   

P value

Follow-up time

Mean (SD) follow-up

8.44 ± 2.65

8.48 ± 1.76

.5930

Median (IQR) follow-up

8.65 (7.55,9.78)

8.65 (7.58,9.76)

 

Sepsis

    

 < 0.0001

 No

308 643

72.21

371 576

87.97

 

 Yes

118 765

27.79

50 804

12.03

 

Septic Shock

    

 < 0.0001

 No

368 734

89.61

384 166

95.82

 

 Yes

42 755

10.39

16 765

4.18

 
  1. ASMD absolute standardized mean differences, SD standard deviation, IQR T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Q quartile, DDD defined daily dose, cDDD-year cumulative defined daily doses per year, AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, y years old, NTD New Taiwan dollar, aDCSI adapted Diabetic Complication Severity Index, SU Sulfonylureas, AGI Alpha glucosidase inhibitors, TZD Thiazolidinedione, DPP4i Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, SGLT2i Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors