From: Optimal statin use for prevention of sepsis in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Characteristic | Statin nonusers | Statin users | ASMD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 411,489 | N = 400,931 | ||||
N | % | N | % | ||
Age (mean ± SD), y | 56.22 ± 20.53 | 56.92 ± 29.24 |  | ||
Age, median (IQR), y | 55.00 (46.00,67.00) | 55.00 (47.00,66.00) | Â | ||
Age group, y | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0010 |
  ≤ 50 | 143 677 | 34.92% | 139 482 | 34.79 |  |
 51–60 | 110 405 | 26.83 | 107 862 | 26.90 |  |
 61–70 | 82 621 | 20.08 | 81 887 | 20.42 |  |
  ≥ 71 | 74 786 | 18.17 | 71 700 | 17.88 |  |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0030 |
 Female | 192 076 | 46.68 | 188 342 | 46.98 |  |
 Male | 219 413 | 53.32 | 212 589 | 53.02 |  |
Income levels (NTD) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0030 |
 1. Low income | 6149 | 1.49 | 5892 | 1.47 |  |
 2. Financial dependent | 126 994 | 30.86 | 124 418 | 31.03 |  |
 3.  ≤ 20 000 | 195 300 | 47.46 | 190 132 | 47.42 |  |
 4. 20 001–30 000 | 38 667 | 9.40 | 37 420 | 9.33 |  |
 5. 30 001–45 000 | 28 013 | 6.81 | 27 225 | 6.79 |  |
 6.  > 45 000 | 16 366 | 3.98 | 15 844 | 3.95 |  |
Urbanization | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0023 |
 Rural | 117 296 | 28.51 | 113 367 | 28.28 |  |
 Urban | 294 193 | 71.49 | 287 564 | 71.72 |  |
Types of antidiabetic drugs used | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0119 |
 Zero | 147 800 | 35.92 | 146 233 | 36.47 |  |
 One type | 102 976 | 25.03 | 100 092 | 24.96 |  |
 Combined two types | 103 361 | 25.12 | 99 708 | 24.87 |  |
 Combined three types | 41 629 | 10.12 | 39 869 | 9.94 |  |
  ≥ 4 types | 15 723 | 3.82 | 15 029 | 3.75 |  |
Antidiabetic drugs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Insulin | 64 028 | 15.56 | 40 124 | 10.01 | 0.0555 |
 Metformin | 174 582 | 42.43 | 174 257 | 43.46 | 0.0104 |
 SU | 196 379 | 47.72 | 196 834 | 49.09 | 0.0137 |
 AGI | 23 855 | 5.80 | 25 500 | 6.36 | 0.0056 |
 TZD | 15 598 | 3.79 | 19 607 | 4.89 | 0.0110 |
 DPP4i | 426 | 0.10 | 211 | 0.05 | 0.0005 |
 SGLT2i | 2936 | 0.71 | 3221 | 0.80 | 0.0009 |
 Others | 23 473 | 5.70 | 23 036 | 5.75 | 0.0004 |
Diabetic severity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 aDCSI score (mean ± SD) | 0.96 ± 1.84 | 0.93 ± 1.84 | 0.0005 | ||
 Median (IQR, Q1, Q3) | 0.00 (0.00,2.00) | 0.00 (0.00,2.00) |  | ||
aDCSI score | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0082 |
 0 | 215 580 | 52.39 | 211 500 | 52.75 |  |
 1 | 87 406 | 21.24 | 84 917 | 21.18 |  |
 2 | 60 944 | 14.81 | 58 986 | 14.71 |  |
  ≥ 3 | 47 559 | 11.56 | 45 528 | 11.36 |  |
aDCSI | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Retinopathy | 18 838 | 4.58 | 23 234 | 5.79 | 0.0122 |
 Nephropathy | 48 316 | 11.74 | 45 488 | 11.35 | 0.0040 |
 Neuropathy | 38 843 | 9.44 | 42 258 | 10.54 | 0.0110 |
 Cerebrovascular | 43 085 | 10.47 | 38 698 | 9.65 | 0.0082 |
 Cardiovascular | 105 371 | 25.61 | 101 720 | 25.37 | 0.0024 |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 15 988 | 3.89 | 14 841 | 3.70 | 0.0018 |
 Metabolic | 9617 | 2.34 | 6965 | 1.74 | 0.0060 |
Coexisting comorbidities related to the risk of sepsis | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hypertension | 192 670 | 46.82 | 185 003 | 46.14 | 0.0068 |
 Rheumatoid arthritis | 12 485 | 3.03 | 11 888 | 2.97 | 0.0007 |
 Ankylosing spondylitis | 6017 | 1.46 | 5804 | 1.45 | 0.0002 |
 Psoriasis | 3055 | 0.74 | 2948 | 0.74 | 0.0001 |
 Psoriatic arthritis | 248 | 0.06 | 305 | 0.08 | 0.0002 |
 Crohn’s disease | 5860 | 1.42 | 5618 | 1.40 | 0.0002 |
 Ulcerative colitis | 875 | 0.21 | 870 | 0.22 | 0.0000 |
 COPD | 78 625 | 19.11 | 75 853 | 18.92 | 0.0019 |
 Chronic liver disease | 93 080 | 22.62 | 90 668 | 22.61 | 0.0001 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 8217 | 2.00 | 7731 | 1.93 | 0.0007 |
 Heart failure | 22 872 | 5.56 | 21 821 | 5.44 | 0.0012 |
 Coronary artery disease | 85 220 | 20.71 | 81 780 | 20.40 | 0.0031 |
 Stroke | 49 549 | 12.04 | 47 196 | 11.77 | 0.0027 |
 Coagulopathy | 677 | 0.16 | 644 | 0.16 | 0.0000 |
 Dementia | 9045 | 2.20 | 7958 | 1.98 | 0.0021 |
 Psychosis | 828 | 0.20 | 828 | 0.21 | 0.0001 |
 SLE | 7212 | 1.75 | 7506 | 1.87 | 0.0012 |
 AIDS | 132 | 0.03 | 137 | 0.03 | 0.0000 |
 Cancer | 20 318 | 4.94 | 13 366 | 3.33 | 0.0160 |
Medication use related to the risk of sepsis | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Immunosuppressant | 4 156 | 1.01 | 4 129 | 1.03 | 0.0001 |
 Systemic corticosteroid | 6 008 | 1.46 | 5 894 | 1.47 | 0.0001 |
CCI scores | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mean (SD) | 0.93 ± 1.82 | 0.94 ± 1.79 | 0.0001 | ||
Median (Q1-Q3) | 0.00 (0.00,2.00) | 0.00 (0.00,2.00) | Â | ||
CCI scores | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0017 |
 0 | 225 531 | 54.81 | 220 422 | 54.98 |  |
  ≥ 1 | 185 958 | 45.19 | 180 509 | 45.02 |  |
Different classes of statins | |||||
 Lipophilic statins | |||||
  Atorvastatin | 0 | 0.00 | 144 241 | 35.98 |  |
  Lovastatin | 0 | 0.00 | 27 887 | 6.96 |  |
  Simvastatin | 0 | 0.00 | 79 435 | 19.81 |  |
  Fluvastatin | 0 | 0.00 | 37 210 | 9.28 |  |
  Pitavastatin | 0 | 0.00 | 2950 | 0.74 |  |
  Hydrophilic statins | |||||
  Rosuvastatin | 0 | 0.00 | 78 611 | 19.61 |  |
  Pravastatin | 0 | 0.00 | 30 597 | 7.63 |  |
 Cumulative dose of statins (cDDD per year) | |||||
  Q1 | 0 | 0.00 | 116 915 | 29.16 |  |
  Q2 | 0 | 0.00 | 109 402 | 27.29 |  |
  Q3 | 0 | 0.00 | 95 381 | 23.79 |  |
  Q4 | 0 | 0.00 | 79 233 | 19.76 |  |
 DDD | |||||
   ≤ 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 354 124 | 88.33 |  |
   > 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 46 807 | 11.67 |  |
 |  |  | P value | ||
Follow-up time | |||||
Mean (SD) follow-up | 8.44 ± 2.65 | 8.48 ± 1.76 | .5930 | ||
Median (IQR) follow-up | 8.65 (7.55,9.78) | 8.65 (7.58,9.76) | Â | ||
Sepsis |  |  |  |  |  < 0.0001 |
 No | 308 643 | 72.21 | 371 576 | 87.97 |  |
 Yes | 118 765 | 27.79 | 50 804 | 12.03 |  |
Septic Shock |  |  |  |  |  < 0.0001 |
 No | 368 734 | 89.61 | 384 166 | 95.82 |  |
 Yes | 42 755 | 10.39 | 16 765 | 4.18 |  |