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Table 3 Results of the multinomial model reporting odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for belonging to the different groups compared to belonging to the group with no depression (group 8)

From: PHQ-9, CES-D, health insurance data—who is identified with depression? A Population-based study in persons with diabetes

 

Group 1

(n = 79)

Group 2

(n = 46)

Group 3

(n = 22)

Group 4

(n = 48)

Group 5

(n = 85)

Group 6

(n = 36)

Group 7

(n = 205)

Outcome

P + C + S+

P + C + S-

P + C-S+

P-C + S+

P-C + S-

P + C-S-

P-C-S+

 

OR§

[95% CI]

(p-value)

OR§

[95% CI]

(p-value)

OR§

[95% CI]

(p-value)

OR§

[95% CI]

(p-value)

OR§

[95% CI]

(p-value)

OR§

[95% CI]

(p-value)

OR§

[95% CI]

(p-value)

Age (years)

0·94

[0·90, 0·98]

(0.0019)

0·96

[0·92, 1·00]

(0.0559)

0·93

[0·89, 0·98]

(0.0059)

0·94

[0·91, 0·98]

(0·0024)

0·97

[0·94, 1·01]

(0·1025)

0·99

[0·95, 1·04]

(0·7203)

0·98

[0·96, 1·00]

(0·0151)

Sex

(female vs. male $ )

1·80

[0·86, 3·76]

(0·1990)

1·09

[0·49, 2·54]

(0·8317)

0·77

[0·28, 2·11]

(0·6087)

1·91

[0·94, 3·91]

(0·0756)

1·01

[0·57, 1·77]

(0·9804)

0·67

[0·31, 1·45]

(0·3084)

1·86

[1·31, 2·65]

(0·0005*)

Comorbidities (number)

1·12

[0·94, 1·35]

(0·2052)

0·82

[0·65, 1·03]

(0·0924)

1·09

[0·87, 1·37]

(0·4627)

1·44

[1·23, 1·68]

(< 0·0001*)

0·91

[0·78, 1·06]

(0·2183)

1·08

[0·90, 1·28]

(0·4134)

1·31

[1·20, 1·44]

(< 0·001)

taking insulin

(yes vs.no $ )

0·52

[0·24, 1·16]

(0·1094)

0·86

[0·37, 1·97]

(0·7157)

1·43

[0·52, 3·92]

(0·4882)

0·48

[0·22, 1·06]

(0·0678)

0·72

[0·40, 1·32]

(0·2915)

0·58

[0·26, 1·29]

(0·1814)

0·57

[0·37, 0·86]

(0·0075)

taking antidepressants

(yes vs. no $ )

8·94

[3·87, 20·63]

(< 0·0001*)

2·99

[1·16, 7·74]

(0·0235)

12·00

[4·16, 34·65]

(< 0·0001*)

7·25

[3·25, 16·15]

(< 0·0001*)

1·24

[0·52, 2·93]

(0·6244)

1·25

[0·40, 3·92]

(0·7019)

8·31

[5·43, 12·73]

(< 0·0001*)

Health related Quality of Life

       

physical component summary scale of the SF-12 (PCS-12 (score)

0·90

[0·86, 0·95]

(< 0·0001*)

0·84

[0·79, 0·89]

(< 0·0001*)

0·89

[0·84, 0·94]

(0·0001)

0·94

[0·90, 0·99] (0·0106)

0·94

[0·91, 0·97]

(< 0·0001*)

0·90

[0·86, 0.94] (< 0·0001*)

0.99

[0.97, 1.01] (0·3628)

mental component summary scale of the SF-12 (MCS-12) (score)

0·73

[0·69, 0·78]

(< 0·0001*)

0·75

[0·71, 0·80] (< 0·0001*)

0·86

[0·81, 0·91] (< 0·0001*)

0·88

[0·84, 0·92] (< 0·0001*)

0·85

[0·82, 0·88] (< 0·0001*)

0·88

[0·84, 0·92] (< 0·0001*)

0·98

[0·95, 1·00] (0·0396)

Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) (score)

1·07

[1·05, 1·10]

(< 0·0001*)

1·08

[1·06, 1·11] (< 0·0001*)

1·00

[0·97, 1·03] (0·8948)

1·06

[1·04, 1·08] (< 0·0001*)

1·06

[1·04, 1·08] (< 0·0001*)

1·03

[1·01, 1·06] (0·0062)

1·00

[0·98, 1·01] (0·7238)

Previous depression

       

(yes vs. no $ )

8·32

[2·83, 24·48]

(< 0·0001*)

2·07

[0·66·6·42]

(0·2099)

6·86

[1·86, 25·29]

(0·0038)

9·11

[3·43, 24·20]

(< 0·0001*)

0·37

[0·11, 1·23]

(0·1041)

0·52

[0·11, 2·52]

(0·4188)

5·19

[3·10, 8·68]

(< 0·0001*)

(Do not know vs. no $ )

2·76

[0·97, 7·85]

(0·0569)

1·74

[0·68, 4·42]

(0·2465)

2·47

[0·68, 8·96]

(0·1691)

2·13

[0·80, 5·70]

(0·1317)

1·49

[0·84, 2·66]

(0·1752)

1·15

[0·52, 2·56]

(0·7308)

1·73

[1·11, 2·71]

(0·0158)

  1. P = PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; C = CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; S = SHI data, statutory health insurance data, MCS-12 = Mental summary score of the SF-12, PCS-12 = Physical summary score of the SF-12, PAID = Problem Areas in Diabetes scale
  2. Group 1 = identified with all 3 methods, Group 2 = identified by PHQ-9 and CES-D, Group 3 = identified by PHQ-9 and health insurance data, Group 4 = identified by CES-D and health insurance data, Group 5 = identified by CES-D, Group 6 = identified by PHQ-9, Group 7 = identified by health insurance data, Group 8 = no depressive disorder
  3. $Reference group, OR = odds ratio (corresponding to one unite change in case of age, comorbidities, PCS-12, MCS-12 and PAID)
  4. CI = confidence interval, p-values under 0·05 are bold, *p-values significant at multiple level α/70
  5. Nagelkerke’s R2 = 0.677